{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:05:10Z","timestamp":1754485510193,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1095460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1095460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biological pattern formation is one of the complex system phenomena in nature, requiring theoretical analysis based on mathematical modeling and computer simulations for in-depth understanding. We propose a Python framework named LPF to systematically explore the highly diverse wing color patterns of ladybirds using reaction-diffusion models. LPF supports GPU-accelerated array computing for numerical analysis of partial differential equation models, concise visualization of ladybird morphs, and evolutionary algorithms for searching mathematical models with deep learning models for computer vision.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>LPF is available on GitHub at https:\/\/github.com\/cxinsys\/lpf.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T21:17:58Z","timestamp":1688764678000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["LPF: a framework for exploring the wing color pattern formation of ladybird beetles in Python"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3004-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Art and Technology, College of Art and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Imaging Sciences, Multimedia, and Film, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12592","article-title":"Development and evolution of color patterns in ladybird beetles: a case study in harmonia axyridis","volume":"61","author":"Ando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Growth Differ"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06116-1","article-title":"Repeated inversions within a Pannier intron drive diversification of intraspecific colour patterns of ladybird beetles","volume":"9","author":"Ando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02338","article-title":"A parallel global multiobjective framework for optimization: pagmo","volume":"5","author":"Biscani","year":"2020","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22525-1","article-title":"Reaction-diffusion in a growing 3D domain of skin scales generates a discrete cellular automaton","volume":"12","author":"Fofonjka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.08.023","article-title":"The genomic basis of color pattern polymorphism in the harlequin ladybird","volume":"28","author":"Gautier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00324","article-title":"Self-organization and artificial life","volume":"26","author":"Gershenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif Life"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289234","article-title":"A theory of biological pattern formation","volume":"12","author":"Gierer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Kybernetik"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.10.044","article-title":"Modeling convergent scale-by-scale skin color patterning in multiple species of lizards","volume":"32","author":"Jahanbakhsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"first-page":"694","year":"2016","author":"Johnson","key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B9"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.66.1481","article-title":"Biological pattern formation: from basic mechanisms to complex structures","volume":"66","author":"Koch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(08)60502-7","article-title":"Genetics of ladybeetles","volume":"8","author":"Komai","year":"1956","journal-title":"Adv Genet"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/376765a0","article-title":"A reaction\u2013diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish pomacanthus","volume":"376","author":"Kondo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179047","article-title":"Reaction-diffusion model as a framework for understanding biological pattern formation","volume":"329","author":"Kondo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041909","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.041909","article-title":"Turing model for the patterns of lady beetles","volume":"64","author":"Liaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22031","article-title":"A living mesoscopic cellular automaton made of skin scales","volume":"544","author":"Manukyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92142-4","volume-title":"The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2009","edition":"4th"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2021.02.007","article-title":"Evo-devo of wing colour patterns in beetles","volume":"69","author":"Niimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"year":"2020","author":"Ringham","key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B18"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1081","article-title":"A model for colour pattern formation in the butterfly wing of Papilio dardanus","volume":"267","author":"Sekimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/31.2.195","article-title":"Mosaic dominance in the inheritance of color patterns in the lady-bird beetle, harmonia axyridis","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"1946","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1086\/280543","article-title":"Inheritance of the elytral color patterns of the lady-bird beetle, harmonia axyridis pallas","volume":"68","author":"Tan","year":"1934","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(05)80008-4","article-title":"The chemical basis of morphogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Turing","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"first-page":"586","year":"2018","author":"Zhang","key":"2023071902383500400_btad430-B23"}],"container-title":["Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad430\/50842167\/btad430.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-pdf\/39\/7\/btad430\/50909072\/btad430.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-pdf\/39\/7\/btad430\/50909072\/btad430.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T02:47:49Z","timestamp":1689734869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad430\/7221539"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Arne","family":"Elofsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-4811"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1367-4811"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"article-number":"btad430"}}