{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:22:17Z","timestamp":1773289337252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL145025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL145025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 DK133637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 DK133637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Summary statistics from genome-wide association studies enable many valuable downstream analyses that are more efficient than individual-level data analysis while also reducing privacy concerns. As growing sample sizes enable better-powered analysis of gene\u2013environment interactions, there is a need for gene\u2013environment interaction-specific methods that manipulate and use summary statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We introduce two tools to facilitate such analysis, with a focus on statistical models containing multiple gene\u2013exposure and\/or gene\u2013covariate interaction terms. REGEM (RE-analysis of GEM summary statistics) uses summary statistics from a single, multi-exposure genome-wide interaction study to derive analogous sets of summary statistics with arbitrary sets of exposures and interaction covariate adjustments. METAGEM (META-analysis of GEM summary statistics) extends current fixed-effects meta-analysis models to incorporate multiple exposures from multiple studies. We demonstrate the value and efficiency of these tools by exploring alternative methods of accounting for ancestry-related population stratification in genome-wide interaction study in the UK Biobank as well as by conducting a multi-exposure genome-wide interaction study meta-analysis in cohorts from the diabetes-focused ProDiGY consortium. These programs help to maximize the value of summary statistics from diverse and complex gene\u2013environment interaction studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>REGEM and METAGEM are open-source projects freely available at https:\/\/github.com\/large-scale-gxe-methods\/REGEM and https:\/\/github.com\/large-scale-gxe-methods\/METAGEM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T09:44:59Z","timestamp":1701337499000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Re-analysis and meta-analysis of summary statistics from gene\u2013environment interaction studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2586-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duy 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Boston, MA 02115, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Ellen","family":"Vajravelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9942-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fida","family":"Bacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Chernausek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine , Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Gubitosi-Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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