{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T08:12:10Z","timestamp":1774167130942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61890952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61890952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2404401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2404401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spectral imaging is often used to observe different objects with multiple fluorescent labels to reveal the development of the biological event. As the number of observed objects increases, the spectral overlap between fluorophores becomes more serious, and obtaining a \u201cpure\u201d picture of each fluorophore becomes a major challenge. Here, we propose a blind spectral unmixing algorithm called BINGO (Blind unmixing via SVD-based Initialization Nmf with project Gradient descent and spare cOnstrain), which can extract all kinds of fluorophores more accurately from highly overlapping multichannel data, even if the spectra of the fluorophores are extremely similar or their fluorescence intensity varies greatly.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>BINGO can isolate up to 10 fluorophores from spectral imaging data for a single excitation. nine-color living HeLa cells were visualized distinctly with BINGO. It provides an important algorithmic tool for multiplex imaging studies, especially in intravital imaging. BINGO shows great potential in multicolor imaging for biomedical sciences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The source code used for this paper is available with the test data at https:\/\/github.com\/Xinyuan555\/BINGO_unmixing<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T08:13:11Z","timestamp":1706688791000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BINGO: a blind unmixing algorithm for ultra-multiplexing fluorescence images"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6303-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, 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