{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:02:33Z","timestamp":1781859753008,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Phylogenetic and evolutionary inference can be severely misled if recombination is not accounted for, hence screening for it should be an essential component of nearly every comparative study. The evolution of recombinant sequences can not be properly explained by a single phylogenetic tree, but several phylogenies may be used to correctly model the evolution of non-recombinant fragments.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: We developed a likelihood-based model selection procedure that uses a genetic algorithm to search multiple sequence alignments for evidence of recombination breakpoints and identify putative recombinant sequences. GARD is an extensible and intuitive method that can be run efficiently in parallel. Extensive simulation studies show that the method nearly always outperforms other available tools, both in terms of power and accuracy and that the use of GARD to screen sequences for recombination ensures good statistical properties for methods aimed at detecting positive selection.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Availability: Freely available<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0spond@ucsd.edu<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]],"date-time":"2006-11-17T01:17:37Z","timestamp":1163726257000},"page":"3096-3098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":763,"title":["GARD: a genetic algorithm for recombination detection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sergei L.","family":"Kosakovsky Pond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Posada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Gen\u00e9tica e Inmunolog\u00eda 1 \u00a0 1 \u00a0 \u00a0 Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Gravenor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Wales 2 \u00a0 2 \u00a0 \u00a0 Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Woelk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon D.W.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012408505604500_b1","first-page":"265","article-title":"The CHC adaptive search algorithm: How to do safe search when engaging in nontraditional genetic recombination","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Eshelman","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023012408505604500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti320","article-title":"Datamonkey: rapid detection of selective pressure on individual sites of codon alignments","volume":"21","author":"Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023012408505604500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti079","article-title":"HyPhy: Hypothesis testing using phylogenies","volume":"21","author":"Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023012408505604500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl051","article-title":"Automated phylogenetic detection of recombination using a genetic algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. 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