{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:54:19Z","timestamp":1773906859594,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motivation: Two-stage pilot and integrated designs are powerful tools for investigating large numbers of hypotheses. Asymptotically, optimal two-stage designs controlling the familywise error or false discovery rate are considered when costs and effect sizes per measurement differ between stages and total costs are constrained.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: Depending on the cost and effect size ratios between the measurements, it is generally more powerful to apply two-stage procedures using one measurement method at both stages. For the practically relevant case that the same method is applied at both stages but designing the second-stage measurements raises extra costs, two-stage designs are more powerful than the single-stage design even for large costs ratios. The power of the optimal pilot and integrated two-stage designs generally are similar, however, the integrated approach is less sensitive even to severe design misspecifications in the planning phase.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Availability: R-programs (R, 2005) to calculate asymptotically optimal designs are available on: http:\/\/statistics.msi.meduniwien.ac.at\/index.php?page=ao2stage<\/jats:p><jats:p>Contact: \u00a0alexandra.goll@meduniwien.ac.at<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,27]],"date-time":"2007-04-27T00:29:34Z","timestamp":1177633774000},"page":"1519-1526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Two-stage designs applying methods differing in costs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Goll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Medical Statistics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041105082517900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate \u2013 a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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