{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1770353493607,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,2]],"date-time":"2016-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2601,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/uk\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motivation: Cancer is an evolutionary process characterized by accumulating mutations. However, the precise timing and the order of genetic alterations that drive tumor progression remain enigmatic.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: We present a specific probabilistic graphical model for the accumulation of mutations and their interdependencies. The Bayesian network models cancer progression by an explicit unobservable accumulation process in time that is separated from the observable but error-prone detection of mutations. Model parameters are estimated by an Expectation-Maximization algorithm and the underlying interaction graph is obtained by a simulated annealing procedure. Applying this method to cytogenetic data for different cancer types, we find multiple complex oncogenetic pathways deviating substantially from simplified models, such as linear pathways or trees. We further demonstrate how the inferred progression dynamics can be used to improve genetics-based survival predictions which could support diagnostics and prognosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Availability: The software package ct-cbn is available under a GPL license on the web site cbg.ethz.ch\/software\/ct-cbn<\/jats:p><jats:p>Contact: \u00a0moritz.gerstung@bsse.ethz.ch<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]],"date-time":"2009-08-20T01:50:34Z","timestamp":1250733034000},"page":"2809-2815","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Quantifying cancer progression with conjunctive Bayesian networks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Gerstung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, 2 Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich and 3 Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Baudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, 2 Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich and 3 Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Moch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, 2 Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich and 3 Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Beerenwinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, 2 Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich and 3 Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013112164327400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-226","article-title":"Genomic imbalances in 5918 malignant epithelial tumors: an explorative meta-analysis of chromosomal CGH data","volume":"7","author":"Baudis","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2023013112164327400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.12.1228","article-title":"Progenetix.net: an online repository for molecular cytogenetic aberration data","volume":"17","author":"Baudis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023013112164327400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxj033","article-title":"A mutagenetic tree hidden Markov model for longitudinal clonal HIV sequence data","volume":"8","author":"Beerenwinkel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2023013112164327400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asp023","article-title":"Markov models for accumulating mutations","volume":"96","author":"Beerenwinkel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2023013112164327400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti274","article-title":"Mtreemix: a software package for learning and using mixture models of mutagenetic trees","volume":"21","author":"Beerenwinkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023013112164327400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2006.03.013","article-title":"Evolution on distributive lattices","volume":"242","author":"Beerenwinkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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