{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:21:04Z","timestamp":1774556464257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motivation: Univariate Cox regression (COX) is often used to select genes possibly linked to survival. With non-proportional hazards (NPH), COX could lead to under- or over-estimation of effects.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The effect size measure c=P(T1&amp;lt;T0), i.e. the probability that a person randomly chosen from group G1 dies earlier than a person from G0, is independent of the proportional hazards (PH) assumption. Here we consider its generalization to continuous data c\u2032 and investigate the suitability of c\u2032 for gene selection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: Under PH, c\u2032 is most efficiently estimated by COX. Under NPH, c\u2032 can be obtained by weighted Cox regression (WHE) or a novel method, concordance regression (CON). The least biased and most stable estimates were obtained by CON. We propose to use c\u2032 as summary measure of effect size to rank genes irrespective of different types of NPH and censoring patterns.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Availability: WHE and CON are available as R packages.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Contact: \u00a0georg.heinze@meduniwien.ac.at<\/jats:p><jats:p>Supplementary Information: \u00a0Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,30]],"date-time":"2010-01-30T01:25:53Z","timestamp":1264814753000},"page":"784-790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gene selection in microarray survival studies under possibly non-proportional hazards"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Dunkler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Heinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012508000217500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2519","article-title":"Joint estimation of time-dependent and non-linear effects of continuous covariates on survival","volume":"26","author":"Abrahamowicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat. 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