{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:16:12Z","timestamp":1767665772016},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,2]],"date-time":"2016-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2315,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/uk\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Proteins exhibit complex subcellular distributions, which may include localizing in more than one organelle and varying in location depending on the cell physiology. Estimating the amount of protein distributed in each subcellular location is essential for quantitative understanding and modeling of protein dynamics and how they affect cell behaviors. We have previously described automated methods using fluorescent microscope images to determine the fractions of protein fluorescence in various subcellular locations when the basic locations in which a protein can be present are known. As this set of basic locations may be unknown (especially for studies on a proteome-wide scale), we here describe unsupervised methods to identify the fundamental patterns from images of mixed patterns and estimate the fractional composition of them.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods: We developed two approaches to the problem, both based on identifying types of objects present in images and representing patterns by frequencies of those object types. One is a basis pursuit method (which is based on a linear mixture model), and the other is based on latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). For testing both approaches, we used images previously acquired for testing supervised unmixing methods. These images were of cells labeled with various combinations of two organelle-specific probes that had the same fluorescent properties to simulate mixed patterns of subcellular location.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: We achieved 0.80 and 0.91 correlation between estimated and underlying fractions of the two probes (fundamental patterns) with basis pursuit and LDA approaches, respectively, indicating that our methods can unmix the complex subcellular distribution with reasonably high accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Availability: \u00a0http:\/\/murphylab.web.cmu.edu\/software<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0murphy@cmu.edu<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,7]],"date-time":"2010-06-07T07:28:13Z","timestamp":1275895693000},"page":"i7-i12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Quantifying the distribution of probes between subcellular locations using unsupervised pattern unmixing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Luis Pedro","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, 2 Center for Bioimage informatics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 3 Joint Carnegie Mellon University\u2013University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and 7 Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012508071919200_B1","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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