{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:54:15Z","timestamp":1767707655430},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), automatically identifying the meaning of ambiguous words in context, is an important stage of text processing. This article presents a graph-based approach to WSD in the biomedical domain. The method is unsupervised and does not require any labeled training data. It makes use of knowledge from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus which is represented as a graph. A state-of-the-art algorithm, Personalized PageRank, is used to perform WSD.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: When evaluated on the NLM-WSD dataset, the algorithm outperforms other methods that rely on the UMLS Metathesaurus alone.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Availability: The WSD system is open source licensed and available from http:\/\/ixa2.si.ehu.es\/ukb\/. The UMLS, MetaMap program and NLM-WSD corpus are available from the National Library of Medicine http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/research\/umls\/, http:\/\/mmtx.nlm.nih.gov and http:\/\/wsd.nlm.nih.gov. Software to convert the NLM-WSD corpus into a format that can be used by our WSD system is available from http:\/\/www.dcs.shef.ac.uk\/\u223cmarks\/biomedical_wsd under open source license.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0m.stevenson@dcs.shef.ac.uk<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]],"date-time":"2010-10-19T04:15:50Z","timestamp":1287461750000},"page":"2889-2896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Graph-based Word Sense Disambiguation of biomedical documents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eneko","family":"Agirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 IXA NLP Group, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Basque Country and 2Department of Computer Science, Sheffield University, 211 Portobello, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aitor","family":"Soroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 IXA NLP Group, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Basque Country and 2Department of Computer Science, Sheffield University, 211 Portobello, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 IXA NLP Group, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Basque Country and 2Department of Computer Science, Sheffield University, 211 Portobello, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012507562579300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4809-8","volume-title":"Word Sense Disambiguation: Algorithms and applications.","author":"Agirre","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023012507562579300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3115\/1609067.1609070","article-title":"Personalizing PageRank for Word Sense Disambiguation","author":"Agirre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL-2009)"},{"key":"2023012507562579300_B3","article-title":"CLEF 2009 ad hoc track overview: robust - WSD task","volume-title":"Working Notes of the Cross-Lingual Evaluation Forum.","author":"Agirre","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023012507562579300_B4","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effective mapping of biomedical text to the UMLS Metathesaurus: the MetaMap program","author":"Aronson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA)"},{"key":"2023012507562579300_B5","first-page":"17","article-title":"The NLM indexing initiative","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium.","author":"Aronson","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023012507562579300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X","article-title":"The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine","volume":"30","author":"Brin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. 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