{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:20:32Z","timestamp":1777969232635,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Evolutionary expansion of gene regulatory circuits seems to boost morphological complexity. However, the expansion patterns and the quantification relationships have not yet been identified. In this study, we focus on the regulatory circuits at the post-transcriptional level, investigating whether and how this principle may apply.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: By analysing the structure of mRNA transcripts in multiple metazoan species, we observed a striking exponential correlation between the length of 3\u2032 untranslated regions (3\u2032UTR) and morphological complexity as measured by the number of cell types in each organism. Cellular diversity was similarly associated with the accumulation of microRNA genes and their putative targets. We propose that the lengthening of 3\u2032UTRs together with a commensurate exponential expansion in post-transcriptional regulatory circuits can contribute to the emergence of new cell types during animal evolution.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0yukijuan@ntu.edu.tw or hsuancheng@ym.edu.tw.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Supplementary information: \u00a0Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]],"date-time":"2012-10-19T01:31:14Z","timestamp":1350610274000},"page":"3178-3181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Lengthening of 3\u2032UTR increases with morphological complexity in animal evolution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Cho-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, 2Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115 and 3Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"1 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, 2Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115 and 3Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shui-Tein","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, 2Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115 and 3Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsueh-Fen","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, 2Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115 and 3Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsuan-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, 2Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115 and 3Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012513244007500_bts623-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023012513244007500_bts623-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/35059227","article-title":"Chance and necessity: the evolution of morphological complexity and diversity","volume":"409","author":"Carroll","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023012513244007500_bts623-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-312","article-title":"The plausible reason why the length of 5\u2032 untranslated region is unrelated to organismal complexity","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res. 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