{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T04:45:57Z","timestamp":1754109957955},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the two leading causes resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is observed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) is relatively difficult to induce HCC compared with hepatitis B virus (HBV). This motivates us to reveal the reasons behind this from the viewpoint of immune genes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: To distinguish the immune genes with low-level expression in HBV-induced HCC, but high-level expression in HCV-induced HCC, the concept of distinction immune gene is proposed. A filter is then designed to screen these genes. By using gene positive network with strong correlations between genes, the genes are further filtered to form the set of key distinction immune genes. The 23 key distinction immune genes are screened, which are divided into four clusters, T cells, B cells, immune signalling and major histocompatibility complex. It is evident that the screened genes are important immune genes, which are activated in HCV-induced HCC, but inactivated in HBV-induced HCC. In HCV-induced HCC, the structures of HCV adaptively update, so that they are difficult to be identified by antigens. Therefore, the clinic advice is either to increase the update speed of antigens or reduce the update speed of the viruses during the treatment of HCV-induced HCC. Moreover, it is also advised to add T cells or add the expression levels of T cells to strengthen the ability to kill cancer cells. In contrast, HBV updates slowly, but the immunity system in HBV-induced HCC has been damaged seriously. As a result, the clinic advice is to improve the immune ability of patients subjected to HBV-induced HCC, such as increasing immunoglobulin, T cells and B cells and so forth.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0zhiwei.gao@northumbria.ac.uk<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,27]],"date-time":"2012-10-27T00:18:50Z","timestamp":1351297130000},"page":"3191-3194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Distinction immune genes of hepatitis-induced heptatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Automation, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China and 2Division of Electric Engineering and Physics, School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK."}]},{"given":"David Zhiwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Automation, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China and 2Division of Electric Engineering and Physics, School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK."}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.006","article-title":"Activation of natural killer cells during acute infection with hepatitis C virus","volume":"138","author":"Amadei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.390","article-title":"Editorial: hepatocellular carcinoma in type 2 diabetes: more than meets the eye","volume":"107","author":"Baffy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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Applied Math."},{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1145\/1854776.1854873","article-title":"Dysfunctional gene\/protein networks in hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular cirrhosis and carcinoma","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology","author":"Huang","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B8","first-page":"13","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer: Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HCC","volume-title":"Workshop on Inflammation and Cancer","author":"Levrero","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60207-5","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"373","author":"Liaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0016-5_23","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume-title":"Cancer Associated Viruses","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023012513244307500_bts624-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.05.093","article-title":"Evidence of tricellulin expression by immune cells, particularly microglia","volume":"409","author":"Mariano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. 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