{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T04:34:14Z","timestamp":1759206854282},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Evaluation of previous systems for automated determination of subcellular location from microscope images has been done using datasets in which each location class consisted of multiple images of the same representative protein. Here, we frame a more challenging and useful problem where previously unseen proteins are to be classified.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Using CD-tagging, we generated two new image datasets for evaluation of this problem, which contain several different proteins for each location class. Evaluation of previous methods on these new datasets showed that it is much harder to train a classifier that generalizes across different proteins than one that simply recognizes a protein it was trained on.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We therefore developed and evaluated additional approaches, incorporating novel modifications of local features techniques. These extended the notion of local features to exploit both the protein image and any reference markers that were imaged in parallel. With these, we obtained a large accuracy improvement in our new datasets over existing methods. Additionally, these features help achieve classification improvements for other previously studied datasets.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Availability: The datasets are available for download at http:\/\/murphylab.web.cmu.edu\/data\/. The software was written in Python and C++ and is available under an open-source license at http:\/\/murphylab.web.cmu.edu\/software\/. The code is split into a library, which can be easily reused for other data and a small driver script for reproducing all results presented here. A step-by-step tutorial on applying the methods to new datasets is also available at that address.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0murphy@cmu.edu<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Supplementary information: \u00a0Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T00:15:24Z","timestamp":1373328924000},"page":"2343-2349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Determining the subcellular location of new proteins from microscope images using local features"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Luis Pedro","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Kangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Armaghan W.","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Osuna-Highley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Glory-Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Fuhrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Ramanuja","family":"Simha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Berget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Jarvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 5Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ 19716, USA and 6Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"1 Lane Center for Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 2Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and 4Department of Biological 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