{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:37:48Z","timestamp":1774449468028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motivation: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are sizable chromosomal stretches of homozygous genotypes, ranging in length from tens of kilobases to megabases. ROHs can be relevant for population and medical genetics, playing a role in predisposition to both rare and common disorders. ROHs are commonly detected by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays, but attempts have been made to use whole-exome sequencing (WES) data. Currently available methods developed for the analysis of uniformly spaced SNP-array maps do not fit easily to the analysis of the sparse and non-uniform distribution of the WES target design.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: To meet the need of an approach specifically tailored to WES data, we developed H3M2 , an original algorithm based on heterogeneous hidden Markov model that incorporates inter-marker distances to detect ROH from WES data. We evaluated the performance of H3M2 to correctly identify ROHs on synthetic chromosomes and examined its accuracy in detecting ROHs of different length (short, medium and long) from real 1000 genomes project data. H3M2 turned out to be more accurate than GERMLINE and PLINK, two state-of-the-art algorithms, especially in the detection of short and medium ROHs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Availability and implementation : H3M2 is a collection of bash, R and Fortran scripts and codes and is freely available at https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/h3m2\/ .<\/jats:p><jats:p>Contact : albertomagi@gmail.com<\/jats:p><jats:p>Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T04:26:56Z","timestamp":1403756816000},"page":"2852-2859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["<i>H<\/i>\u00a03 \u00a0<i>M<\/i>\u00a02 : detection of runs of homozygosity from whole-exome sequencing data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Magi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Tattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gialluisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Betti","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Abbate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Seri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Gian Franco","family":"Gensini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Pippucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The Netherlands"},{"name":"1 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50019, 2 Medical Genetics Unit, Polyclinic Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, 3 Diagnostic Genetic Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence 50019, Italy and 4 Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 EN, The 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