{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:55:57Z","timestamp":1777960557364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,2]],"date-time":"2016-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":529,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motivation: Very large studies are required to provide sufficiently big sample sizes for adequately powered association analyses. This can be an expensive undertaking and it is important that an accurate sample size is identified. For more realistic sample size calculation and power analysis, the impact of unmeasured aetiological determinants and the quality of measurement of both outcome and explanatory variables should be taken into account. Conventional methods to analyse power use closed-form solutions that are not flexible enough to cater for all of these elements easily. They often result in a potentially substantial overestimation of the actual power.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: In this article, we describe the Estimating Sample-size and Power in R by Exploring Simulated Study Outcomes tool that allows assessment errors in power calculation under various biomedical scenarios to be incorporated. We also report a real world analysis where we used this tool to answer an important strategic question for an existing cohort.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Availability and implementation: The software is available for online calculation and downloads at http:\/\/espresso-research.org. The code is freely available at https:\/\/github.com\/ESPRESSO-research.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Contact: \u00a0louqman@gmail.com<\/jats:p><jats:p>Supplementary information: \u00a0Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T00:41:49Z","timestamp":1429836109000},"page":"2691-2696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["ESPRESSO: taking into account assessment errors on outcome and exposures in power analysis for association studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Amadou","family":"Gaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W. Y.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2867","article-title":"Statistical analysis strategies for association studies involving rare variants","volume":"11","author":"Bansal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1801","article-title":"Evaluating coverage of genome-wide association studies","volume":"38","author":"Barrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. B"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.f.136","article-title":"Common and rare variants in multifactorial susceptibility to common diseases","volume":"40","author":"Bodmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091540","article-title":"The Canadian partnership for tomorrow project: building a pan-Canadian research platform for disease prevention","volume":"182","author":"Borugian","year":"2010","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn147","article-title":"Size matters: just how big is BIG? Quantifying realistic sample size requirements for human genome epidemiology","volume":"38","author":"Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B7","author":"CARTaGENE","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117100","article-title":"Urinary electrolyte excretion in 24 hours and blood pressure in the INTERSALT study. II. Estimates of electrolyte-blood pressure associations corrected for regression dilution bias. The INTERSALT cooperative research group","volume":"139","author":"Dyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B9","article-title":"Key determinants of statistical power in large scale genetic association studies","author":"Gaye","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu127","article-title":"Understanding the impact of pre-analytic variation in haematological and clinical chemistry analytes on the power of association studies","volume":"43","author":"Gaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1996.10474713","article-title":"R: a language for data analysis and graphics","volume":"5","author":"Ihaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comput. Graph. Stat."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124","article-title":"Why most published research findings are false","volume":"2","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B13","volume-title":"The Platform Millions of Website Are Built On","author":"Joomla","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti689","article-title":"HapSim: a simulation tool for generating haplotype data with pre-specified allele frequencies and LD coefficients","volume":"21","author":"Montana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1335","article-title":"How to interpret a genome-wide association study","volume":"299","author":"Pearson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc. (JAMA)"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1476","article-title":"Association studies for finding cancer-susceptibility genetic variants","volume":"4","author":"Pharoah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516","article-title":"The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases","volume":"273","author":"Risch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1530509100","article-title":"Statistical significance for genomewide studies","volume":"100","author":"Storey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08979","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls","volume":"464","author":"Wellcome Trust Case Control, C. et\u00a0al","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023020202202185100_btv219-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg002","article-title":"The detection of gene-environment interaction for continuous traits: should we deal with measurement error by bigger studies or better measurement?","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-pdf\/31\/16\/2691\/49034767\/bioinformatics_31_16_2691.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article-pdf\/31\/16\/2691\/49034767\/bioinformatics_31_16_2691.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T15:44:18Z","timestamp":1717861458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioinformatics\/article\/31\/16\/2691\/321577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1367-4811","1367-4803"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1367-4811","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1367-4803","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]}}}