{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1717956606200},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":383,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Rapid advances in genotyping and genome-wide association studies have enabled the discovery of many new genotype\u2013phenotype associations at the resolution of individual markers. However, these associations explain only a small proportion of theoretically estimated heritability of most diseases. In this work, we propose an integrative mixture model called JBASE: joint Bayesian analysis of subphenotypes and epistasis. JBASE explores two major reasons of missing heritability: interactions between genetic variants, a phenomenon known as epistasis and phenotypic heterogeneity, addressed via subphenotyping.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Our extensive simulations in a wide range of scenarios repeatedly demonstrate that JBASE can identify true underlying subphenotypes, including their associated variants and their interactions, with high precision. In the presence of phenotypic heterogeneity, JBASE has higher Power and lower Type 1 Error than five state-of-the-art approaches. We applied our method to a sample of individuals from Mexico with Type 2 diabetes and discovered two novel epistatic modules, including two loci each, that define two subphenotypes characterized by differences in body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. We successfully replicated these subphenotypes and epistatic modules in an independent dataset from Mexico genotyped with a different platform.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Availability and implementation: JBASE is implemented in C++, supported on Linux and is available at http:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/\u223cgoldenberg\/JBASE\/jbase.tar.gz. The genotype data underlying this study are available upon approval by the ethics review board of the Medical Centre Siglo XXI. Please contact Dr Miguel Cruz at mcruzl@yahoo.com for assistance with the application.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0anna.goldenberg@utoronto.ca<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Supplementary information: \u00a0Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]],"date-time":"2015-09-27T23:57:20Z","timestamp":1443398240000},"page":"203-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["JBASE: Joint Bayesian Analysis of Subphenotypes and Epistasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Recep","family":"Colak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, M5S 2E4, Toronto, ON, Canada,"},{"name":"2 Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1, Toronto, ON, Canada,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TaeHyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, M5S 2E4, Toronto, ON, Canada,"},{"name":"2 \u00a03Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya International University, 07190, Antalya, Turkey,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilal","family":"Kazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 \u00a03Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya International University, 07190, Antalya, Turkey,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoomi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1, Toronto, ON, Canada,"},{"name":"4 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, IMSS, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adan","family":"Valladares-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, IMSS, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, IMSS, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Escobedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6 Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban J.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7 Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, L5L 1C6, Mississauga, ON, Canada,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, M5S 3E1, Toronto, ON, Canada,"},{"name":"4 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada,"},{"name":"8 Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 0A4, Toronto, ON, Canada and"},{"name":"9 Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, M5G 1L6, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, M5S 2E4, Toronto, ON, Canada,"},{"name":"8 Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, M5G 0A4, Toronto, ON, Canada and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020110251411500_btv504-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-014-0025-y","article-title":"Genetic modifiers and subtypes in schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Bergen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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