{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T11:49:51Z","timestamp":1773488991594,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Motivation: Vaccines represent the most effective and cost-efficient weapons against a wide range of diseases. Nowadays new generation vaccines based on subunit antigens reduce adverse effects in high risk individuals. However, vaccine antigens are often poor immunogens when administered alone. Adjuvants represent a good strategy to overcome such hurdles, indeed they are able to: enhance the immune response; allow antigens sparing; accelerate the specific immune response; and increase vaccine efficacy in vulnerable groups such as newborns, elderly or immuno-compromised people. However, due to safety concerns and adverse reactions, there are only a few adjuvants approved for use in humans. Moreover, in practice current adjuvants sometimes fail to confer adequate stimulation. Hence, there is an imperative need to develop novel adjuvants that overcome the limitations of the currently available licensed adjuvants.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: We developed a computational framework that provides a complete pipeline capable of predicting the best citrus-derived adjuvants for enhancing the immune system response using, as a target disease model, influenza A infection. In silico simulations suggested a good immune efficacy of specific citrus-derived adjuvant (Beta Sitosterol) that was then confirmed in vivo .<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Availability: The model is available visiting the following URL: http:\/\/vaima.dmi.unict.it\/AdjSim<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Contact: \u00a0francesco.pappalardo@unict.it ; fp@francescopappalardo.net<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]],"date-time":"2016-05-10T03:05:21Z","timestamp":1462849521000},"page":"2672-2680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A computational model to predict the immune system activation by citrus-derived vaccine adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania"}]},{"given":"Epifanio","family":"Fichera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Etna Biotech S.R.L, via Vincenzo Lancia, 57 - Zona Industriale Blocco Palma 1"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Paparone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Parco Scientifico E Tecnologico Della Sicilia, via Vincenzo Lancia, 57 - Zona Industriale Blocco Palma 1"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Parco Scientifico E Tecnologico Della Sicilia, via Vincenzo Lancia, 57 - Zona Industriale Blocco Palma 1"}]},{"given":"Marzio","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Leotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Parco Scientifico E Tecnologico Della Sicilia, via Vincenzo Lancia, 57 - Zona Industriale Blocco Palma 1"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pedretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7 Softeco Sismat, Italy"}]},{"given":"Santo","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Catania"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020112593671300_btw293-B1","volume-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","edition":"8th edn"},{"key":"2023020112593671300_btw293-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.2.915","article-title":"Enhanced recognition of human NK receptors after influenza virus infection","volume":"171","author":"Achdout","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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