{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:00:02Z","timestamp":1782910802860,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["U01-CA194393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-CA194393"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["CA182821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA182821"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 GM053275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM053275"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Big Data Training Program","award":["NIH-NCI T32CA201160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-NCI T32CA201160"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of regions in the genome that contain genetic variants that increase risk for complex traits and diseases. However, the variants uncovered in GWAS are typically not biologically causal, but rather, correlated to the true causal variant through linkage disequilibrium (LD). To discern the true causal variant(s), a variety of statistical fine-mapping methods have been proposed to prioritize variants for functional validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this work we introduce a new approach, fastPAINTOR, that leverages evidence across correlated traits, as well as functional annotation data, to improve fine-mapping accuracy at pleiotropic risk loci. To improve computational efficiency, we describe an new importance sampling scheme to perform model inference. First, we demonstrate in simulations that by leveraging functional annotation data, fastPAINTOR increases fine-mapping resolution relative to existing methods. Next, we show that jointly modeling pleiotropic risk regions improves fine-mapping resolution compared to standard single trait and pleiotropic fine mapping strategies. We report a reduction in the number of SNPs required for follow-up in order to capture 90% of the causal variants from 23 SNPs per locus using a single trait to 12 SNPs when fine-mapping two traits simultaneously. Finally, we analyze summary association data from a large-scale GWAS of lipids and show that these improvements are largely sustained in real data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Availability and Implementation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The fastPAINTOR framework is implemented in the PAINTOR v3.0 package which is publicly available to the research community http:\/\/bogdan.bioinformatics.ucla.edu\/software\/paintor<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]],"date-time":"2016-09-23T21:11:09Z","timestamp":1474665069000},"page":"248-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Improved methods for multi-trait fine mapping of pleiotropic risk loci"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Gleb","family":"Kichaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Roytman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleazar","family":"Eskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School T.H. 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