{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1773179035053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012729","name":"Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1TR000439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-LM011247 and U01-CA198941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-LM011247 and U01-CA198941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, various network proximity measures have been proposed to facilitate the use of biomolecular interaction data in a broad range of applications. These applications include functional annotation, disease gene prioritization, comparative analysis of biological systems and prediction of new interactions. In such applications, a major task is the scoring or ranking of the nodes in the network in terms of their proximity to a given set of \u2018seed\u2019 nodes (e.g. a group of proteins that are identified to be associated with a disease, or are deferentially expressed in a certain condition). Many different network proximity measures are utilized for this purpose, and these measures are quite diverse in terms of the benefits they offer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We propose a unifying framework for characterizing network proximity measures for set-based queries. We observe that many existing measures are linear, in that the proximity of a node to a set of nodes can be represented as an aggregation of its proximity to the individual nodes in the set. Based on this observation, we propose methods for processing of set-based proximity queries that take advantage of sparse local proximity information. In addition, we provide an analytical framework for characterizing the distribution of proximity scores based on reference models that accurately capture the characteristics of the seed set (e.g. degree distribution and biological function). The resulting framework facilitates computation of exact figures for the statistical significance of network proximity scores, enabling assessment of the accuracy of Monte Carlo simulation based estimation methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and Implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Implementations of the methods in this paper are available at https:\/\/bioengine.case.edu\/crosstalker which includes a robust visualization for results viewing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,19]],"date-time":"2016-11-19T04:05:52Z","timestamp":1479528352000},"page":"1354-1361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Linearity of network proximity measures: implications for set-based queries and significance testing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark R","family":"Chance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Koyut\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020205020796500_btw733-B1","first-page":"1009","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023020205020796500_btw733-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.2001.9990249","article-title":"A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality","volume":"25","author":"Brandes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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