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Patients with different subtypes of cancer often react heterogeneously towards the same treatment. Currently, clinical diagnoses rather than molecular profiles are used to determine the most suitable treatment. A molecular level approach will allow a more precise and informed way for making treatment decisions, leading to a better survival chance and less suffering of patients. Although many computational methods have been proposed to identify cancer subtypes at molecular level, to the best of our knowledge none of them are designed to discover subtypes with heterogeneous treatment responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this article we propose the Survival Causal Tree (SCT) method. SCT is designed to discover patient subgroups with heterogeneous treatment effects from censored observational data. Results on TCGA breast invasive carcinoma and glioma datasets have shown that for each subtype identified by SCT, the patients treated with radiotherapy exhibit significantly different relapse free survival pattern when compared to patients without the treatment. With the capability to identify cancer subtypes with heterogeneous treatment responses, SCT is useful in helping to choose the most suitable treatment for individual patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Availability and Implementation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data and code are available at https:\/\/github.com\/WeijiaZhang24\/SurvivalCausalTree.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T03:10:34Z","timestamp":1490325034000},"page":"2372-2378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mining heterogeneous causal effects for personalized cancer treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Weijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuc Duy","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiuyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023063012501426000_btx174-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.01207.x","article-title":"Utilizing propensity scores to estimate causal treatment effects with censored time-lagged data","volume":"57","author":"Anstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2023063012501426000_btx174-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510489113","article-title":"Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous causal effects","volume":"113","author":"Athey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. 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