{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:29:46Z","timestamp":1770740986834,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1501561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1501561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Combining disease relationships across multiple biological levels could aid our understanding of common processes taking place in disease, potentially indicating opportunities for drug sharing. Here, we propose a similarity fusion approach which accounts for differences in information content between different data types, allowing combination of each data type in a balanced manner.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We apply this method to six different types of biological data (ontological, phenotypic, literature co-occurrence, genetic association, gene expression and drug indication data) for 84 diseases to create a \u2018disease map\u2019: a network of diseases connected at one or more biological levels. As well as reconstructing known disease relationships, 15% of links in the disease map are novel links spanning traditional ontological classes, such as between psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. 62% of links in the disease map represent drug-sharing relationships, illustrating the relevance of the similarity fusion approach to the identification of potential therapeutic relationships.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Freely available under the MIT license at https:\/\/github.com\/e-oerton\/disease-similarity-fusion<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T03:26:28Z","timestamp":1535599588000},"page":"1213-1220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Understanding and predicting disease relationships through similarity fusion"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Erin","family":"Oerton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Healx Ltd, Park House, Castle Park, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healx Ltd, Park House, Castle Park, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Patrick S H","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healx Ltd, Park House, Castle Park, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Guilliams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healx Ltd, Park House, Castle Park, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Healx Ltd, Park House, Castle Park, Cambridge, UK"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013107275804600_bty754-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D991","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1193","article-title":"NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets\u2014update","volume":"41","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023013107275804600_bty754-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61909-7","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"386","author":"Boehncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023013107275804600_bty754-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/19.2.185","article-title":"A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias","volume":"19","author":"Bolstad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023013107275804600_bty754-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21137.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021137","article-title":"In silico gene prioritization by integrating multiple data sources","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023013107275804600_bty754-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099415","article-title":"SemFunSim: a new method for measuring disease similarity by integrating semantic and gene functional association","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023013107275804600_bty754-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.103","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of drug-disease relationships to identify leads for novel drug uses","volume":"86","author":"Chiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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