{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:33:38Z","timestamp":1757453618999,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MC_PC_14115","MR\/R025126\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_PC_14115","MR\/R025126\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In clinical trials, individuals are matched using demographic criteria, paired and then randomly assigned to treatment and control groups to determine a drug\u2019s efficacy. A chief cause for the irreproducibility of results across pilot to Phase-III trials is population stratification bias caused by the uneven distribution of ancestries in the treatment and control groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pair Matcher (PaM) addresses stratification bias by optimizing pairing assignments a priori and\/or a posteriori to the trial using both genetic and demographic criteria. Using simulated and real datasets, we show that PaM identifies ideal and near-ideal pairs that are more genetically homogeneous than those identified based on competing methods, including the commonly used principal component analysis (PCA). Homogenizing the treatment (or case) and control groups can be expected to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the trial or genetic study. PaM\u2019s ancestral inferences also allow characterizing responders and developing a precision medicine approach to treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PaM is freely available via Rhttps:\/\/github.com\/eelhaik\/PAM and a web-interface at http:\/\/elhaik-matcher.sheffield.ac.uk\/ElhaikLab\/.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T21:50:13Z","timestamp":1542318613000},"page":"2243-2250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pair Matcher (<i>PaM<\/i>): fast model-based optimization of treatment\/case-control matches"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Eran","family":"Elhaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield UK, UK"},{"name":"INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield UK, UK"}]},{"given":"Desmond M","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield UK, UK"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051612125569400_bty946-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109","article-title":"Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"2023051612125569400_bty946-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0132-1","article-title":"Differences in genomic abnormalities among African individuals with monoclonal gammopathies using calculated ancestry","volume":"8","author":"Baughn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"2023051612125569400_bty946-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1607","article-title":"Demonstrating stratification in a European American population","volume":"37","author":"Campbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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