{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:50:49Z","timestamp":1765608649125,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,2]],"date-time":"2019-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC14\/00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC14\/00024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry MINECO"},{"name":"Torres-Quevedo Programme","award":["PTQ-13-06319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTQ-13-06319"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patient and sample diversity is one of the main challenges when dealing with clinical cohorts in biomedical genomics studies. During last decade, several methods have been developed to identify biomarkers assigned to specific individuals or subtypes of samples. However, current methods still fail to discover markers in complex scenarios where heterogeneity or hidden phenotypical factors are present. Here, we propose a method to analyze and understand heterogeneous data avoiding classical normalization approaches of reducing or removing variation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DEcomposing heterogeneous Cohorts using Omic data profiling (DECO) is a method to find significant association among biological features (biomarkers) and samples (individuals) analyzing large-scale omic data. The method identifies and categorizes biomarkers of specific phenotypic conditions based on a recurrent differential analysis integrated with a non-symmetrical correspondence analysis. DECO integrates both omic data dispersion and predictor\u2013response relationship from non-symmetrical correspondence analysis in a unique statistic (called h-statistic), allowing the identification of closely related sample categories within complex cohorts. The performance is demonstrated using simulated data and five experimental transcriptomic datasets, and comparing to seven other methods. We show DECO greatly enhances the discovery and subtle identification of biomarkers, making it especially suited for deep and accurate patient stratification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title><jats:p>DECO is freely available as an R package (including a practical vignette) at Bioconductor repository (http:\/\/bioconductor.org\/packages\/deco\/).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T12:45:02Z","timestamp":1551271502000},"page":"3651-3662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["DECO: decompose heterogeneous population cohorts for patient stratification and discovery of sample biomarkers using omic data profiling"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"F J","family":"Campos-Laborie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IMBCC, CSIC\/USAL\/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n , Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Risue\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico Cartuja 93 , Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Ortiz-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico Cartuja 93 , Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Ros\u00f3n-Burgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IMBCC, CSIC\/USAL\/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n , Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Droste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IMBCC, CSIC\/USAL\/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n , Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Fontanillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico Cartuja 93 , Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Loos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico Cartuja 93 , Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IMBCC, CSIC\/USAL\/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n , Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"M W","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe (CITRE), Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico Cartuja 93 , Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0984-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"De Las Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IMBCC, CSIC\/USAL\/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n , Salamanca, Spain"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013108124383300_btz148-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-016-0725-1","article-title":"Intratumoral heterogeneity as a source of discordance in breast cancer biomarker classification","volume":"18","author":"Allott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"2023013108124383300_btz148-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.86","article-title":"Towards precision medicine","volume":"17","author":"Ashley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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