{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:26:52Z","timestamp":1766269612221},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,20]],"date-time":"2020-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Optical character recognition systems convert printed or handwritten scripts into digital text formats like ASCII or UNICODE. Urdu-like script languages like Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi are widely spoken languages of the world, especially in Asia. An enormous amount of printed and handwritten text of such languages exist, which needs to be converted into computer-understandable formats for knowledge extraction. In this study, extreme learning machine\u2019s (ELM\u2019s) most recently proposed variant called deep extreme learning machine (DELM)-based optical character recognition (OCR) system is proposed to enhance Urdu-like script language\u2019s character recognition rate. The proposed DELM-based character recognition model is optimizing the OCR process by reducing the overhead of Pre-processing, Segmentation and Feature Extraction Layer. The proposed system evaluations accomplished 98.75% training accuracy with 1.492\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22123 RMSE and 98.12% testing accuracy with 1.587\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22123 RMSE, with six DELM hidden layers. The results show that the proposed system has attained the foremost recognition rate as compared to any previously proposed Urdu-like script language OCR system. This technique is applicable for machine-printed text and fractionally useful for handwritten text as well. This study will aid in the advancement of more accurate Urdu-like script OCR\u2019s software systems in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaa042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T11:10:15Z","timestamp":1585653015000},"page":"331-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Deep Extreme Learning Machine-Based Optical Character Recognition System for Nastalique Urdu-Like Script Languages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Syed Saqib Raza","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Adnan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagheer","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asadullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science & IT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Anwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virtual University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021610433346900_ref1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Machine learning: trends, perspectives, and prospects","volume":"349","author":"Jordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science Special Edition Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2022021610433346900_ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine Learning on Big Data: opportunities and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomput."},{"key":"2022021610433346900_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient machine learning","volume":"10","author":"Al-Jarrah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Big Data Res."},{"key":"2022021610433346900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2013.10.017","article-title":"Pattern classification and clustering: a review of partially supervised learning approaches","volume":"37","author":"Schwenker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patt. 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