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We assess their performance to recognize face images across aging variations, firstly by fine-tuning the models and secondly using them as face feature extractor. We also suggest a novel synthesized aging augmentation technique suitable for age-invariant face recognition using dCNNs. The face recognition experiments are conducted on three challenging FG-NET, MORPH and LAG aging datasets, and results are benchmarked with a simple CNN. The comparative study allows us to answer (i) when and why transfer learning or feature extraction strategies are useful in age-invariant face recognition scenarios, (ii) the potential of aging synthesized augmentation to increase accuracy and (iii) the choice of appropriate feature normalization and distance metrics to be used with deeply learned features. The extensive experiments, and valuable insights presented in this study can be extended to the design of effective age-invariant face recognition algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaa134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T11:21:35Z","timestamp":1601983295000},"page":"940-972","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Deep Learning in Age-invariant Face Recognition: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nouman","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naeem Iqbal","family":"Ratyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal Mehmood","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarbad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Musaddiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirza Jabbar","family":"Aziz Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahbaz","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur 10250, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Ahmad Salaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarbad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022041811432296300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.03.006","article-title":"Large age-gap face verification by feature injection in deep networks","volume":"90","author":"Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Patt. 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