{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:57:20Z","timestamp":1772762240420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In today\u2019s world, lung cancer is a significant health burden, and it is one of the most leading causes of death. A leading type of lung cancer is malignant mesothelioma (MM). Most of the MM patients do not show any symptoms. Etiology plays a vital factor in the diagnosis of any disease. Positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biopsies, X-rays and blood tests are essential but costly and invasive MM risk factor identification methods. In this work, we mainly focused on the exploration of the MM risk factors. The identification of mesothelioma symptoms was carried out by utilizing the data of mesothelioma patients. However, the dataset was comprised of both healthy and mesothelioma patients. The dataset is prone to a class imbalance problem in which the number of MM patients significantly less than healthy individuals. To overcome the class imbalance problem, the synthetic minority oversampling technique has been utilized. The association rule mining-based Apriori algorithm has been applied to a preprocessed dataset. Before using the Apriori algorithm, both duplicate and irrelevant attributes were removed. Moreover, the numerical attributes were also classified into nominal attributes and the association rules were generated in the dataset. Our results show that erythrocyte sedimentation rate, asbestos exposure and its duration time, and pleural and serum lactic dehydrogenase ratio are major risk factors of MM. The severe stages of MM can be avoided by earlier identification of risk factors of the disease. The failure of identification of risk factors can lead to increased risk of multiple medical conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, mental distress, diabetes and anemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxab015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T12:08:56Z","timestamp":1614859736000},"page":"1740-1751","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Machine Learning Approach for Identification of Malignant Mesothelioma Etiological Factors in an Imbalanced Dataset"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Talha Mahboob","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science , , Lahore 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Virtual University of Pakistan , , Lahore 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Shaukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computing , , Newcastle 2308, Australia"},{"name":"The University of Newcastle , , Newcastle 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology , University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haris","family":"Mahboob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science , , Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"University of Agriculture , , Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Umer","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science , , Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Government College University Faisalabad , , Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhat","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology , University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeel","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Sciences , , Lahore 44000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Lahore College for Women University , , Lahore 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICT and Natural Sciences , , Trondheim 7491, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology , , Trondheim 7491, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhuai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computing , , Newcastle 2308, Australia"},{"name":"The University of Newcastle , , Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391594","article-title":"Communicable diseases: Achievements and challenges for public health","volume":"32","author":"Schlipk\u00f6ter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1461","article-title":"Primary intrahepatic malignant mesothelioma with multiple lymphadenopathies due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Inagaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Applied Respiratory Pathophysiology","author":"Couture","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.00019","article-title":"Life course health development: An integrated framework for developing health, policy, and research","volume":"80","author":"Halfon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201173","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3033784","article-title":"An investigation of credit card default prediction in the imbalanced datasets","volume":"8","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420086850","volume-title":"Biological data mining","author":"Chen","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i03.18851","article-title":"A review of content-based and context-based recommendation systems","volume":"16","author":"Javed","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/507515.507527","article-title":"BIOKDD01: workshop on data mining in bioinformatics","volume":"3","author":"Zaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"SIGKDD Explorations"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2019 International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC)","author":"Baig","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref11","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2020 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE)","author":"Latif","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref12","first-page":"5","article-title":"The impact of artificial intelligence and robotics on the future employment opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Kamran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref13","article-title":"Corporate bankruptcy prediction: An approach towards better corporate world","volume":"63","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9868-1","article-title":"Evaluation of new biomarkers in the prediction of malignant mesothelioma in subjects with environmental asbestos exposure","volume":"194","author":"Demir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx175","article-title":"Quantitative clinical staging for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"110","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4424-6","article-title":"A nomogram to predict prognosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref17","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Diagnosis of mesothelioma with deep learning","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2018.1451216","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma disease diagnosis using data mining techniques","volume":"32","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Environmental asbestos exposure and mesothelioma cases in Bari, Apulia region, southern Italy: A national interest site for land reclamation","volume":"16","author":"Vimercati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy089","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma diagnosed at a younger age is associated with heavier asbestos exposure","volume":"39","author":"Dragani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227882","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227882","article-title":"A case from India of pleural malignant mesothelioma probably due to domestic and environmental asbestos exposure: A posthumous report","volume":"12","author":"Muralidhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Reports CP"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0039-RA","article-title":"Mesothelioma not associated with asbestos exposure","volume":"136","author":"Jasani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57460","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15404","article-title":"Prognostic significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12981","article-title":"Geographic and socioeconomic factors in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma in N ew S outh W ales and their impact upon clinical outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Linton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0365-RA","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma and its non-asbestos causes","volume":"142","author":"Attanoos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1515\/enr-2017-0013","article-title":"Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) may be superior to C-reactive protein (CRP) for predicting the occurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"51","author":"Ozmen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref27","volume-title":"Mesothelioma\u2019s disease data set","author":"Dua","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208737","article-title":"Computational prediction of diagnosis and feature selection on mesothelioma patient health records","volume":"14","author":"Chicco","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref29","volume-title":"Data preparation for data mining","author":"Pyle","year":"1999"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref30","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2016 19th International Multi-Topic Conference (INMIC)","author":"Shaukat","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/AICI.2010.263","volume-title":"2010 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence","author":"Fan","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref32","first-page":"29","article-title":"Association rule mining: An application perspective","volume":"2015","author":"Shaukat","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Innovation"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.514","article-title":"The latency period of mesothelioma among a cohort of British asbestos workers (1978\u20132005)","volume":"109","author":"Frost","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref34","volume-title":"Murray & Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine","author":"Broaddus","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613840","article-title":"A novel approach to the assessment of variations in the human platelet count","volume":"83","author":"Buckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref36","first-page":"427","article-title":"The clinical aspects of mesothelioma","volume":"45","author":"Elmes","year":"1976","journal-title":"QJM: An International Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref37","first-page":"88","article-title":"Serum alkaline phosphatase level as a prognostic tool in colorectal cancer: A study of 105 patients","volume":"5","author":"Saif","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Research"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref38","volume-title":"Rapid Review Pathology E-Book","author":"Goljan","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2014.76.5.199","article-title":"Diagnostic tools of pleural effusion","volume":"76","author":"Na","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-4-507","article-title":"Pleural effusions: The diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates","volume":"77","author":"Light","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-2-1","article-title":"Is albumin gradient or fluid to serum albumin ratio better than the pleural fluid lactate dehydroginase in the diagnostic of separation of pleural effusion?","volume":"2","author":"Joseph","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1145\/170036.170072","article-title":"Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases","author":"Agrawal","year":"1993","journal-title":"ACM sigmod record"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref43","first-page":"3086","article-title":"Association rule mining in E-commerce: A survey","volume":"3","author":"Venkateswari","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Science & Technology"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-557-3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of data warehousing and mining","author":"Wang","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46027-6","volume-title":"Association Rule Mining: Models and Algorithms","author":"Zhang","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2006.864475","article-title":"Association rule discovery with the train and test approach for heart disease prediction","volume":"10","author":"Ordonez","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106520","article-title":"A comprehensive dataset for bibliometric analysis of SARS and coronavirus impact on social sciences","volume":"33","author":"Shaukat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2012.27.2.197","article-title":"Comorbidity study on type 2 diabetes mellitus using data mining","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0511","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON51383.2020.9284876","volume-title":"2020 11th IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON)","author":"Shaukat","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.028","article-title":"Association rule mining to detect factors which contribute to heart disease in males and females","volume":"40","author":"Nahar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5120\/18987-0425","article-title":"Extracting diagnosis patterns in electronic medical records using association rule mining","volume":"108","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref52","first-page":"718","article-title":"Latent period for malignant mesothelioma of occupational origin","volume":"34","author":"Lanphear","year":"1992","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref53","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma","volume":"29","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.01.019","article-title":"The global health dimensions of asbestos and asbestos-related diseases","volume":"82","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref55","first-page":"50","article-title":"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate\u2013an old marker with new applications","volume":"5","author":"Bochen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pre-Clin. Clin. Res."},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref56","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate is associated with metastatic disease and worse survival in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Tas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular and Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref57","first-page":"39","article-title":"Biochemical analysis of pleural fluid and ascites","volume":"39","author":"Chubb","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Clinical Biochemist Reviews"},{"key":"2022071813385721100_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25260","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of pleurectomy decortication and extrapleural pneumonectomy in mesothelioma","volume":"118","author":"Gerwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."}],"container-title":["The Computer Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/65\/7\/1740\/44921696\/bxab015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/65\/7\/1740\/44921696\/bxab015.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T13:41:49Z","timestamp":1658151709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article\/65\/7\/1740\/6259657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxab015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4620","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}