{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:42:55Z","timestamp":1778600575510,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11901013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11901013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12075011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12075011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1204031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1204031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7202093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7202093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Currently, a large number of mature methods are available for gaze estimation. However, most regular gaze estimation approaches require additional hardware or platforms with professional equipment for data collection or computing that typically involve high costs and are relatively tedious. Besides, the implementation is particularly complex. Traditional gaze estimation approaches usually require systematic prior knowledge or expertise for practical operations. Moreover, they are primarily based on the characteristics of pupil and iris, which uses pupil shapes or infrared light and iris glint to estimate gaze, requiring high-quality images shot in special environments and other light source or professional equipment. We herein propose a two-stage gaze estimation method that relies on deep learning methods and logistic regression, which can be applied to various mobile platforms without additional hardware devices or systematic prior knowledge. A set of automatic and fast data collection mechanism is designed for collecting gaze images through a mobile platform camera. Additionally, we propose a new annotation method that improves the prediction accuracy and outperforms the traditional gridding annotation method. Our method achieves good results and can be adapted to different applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxab043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T12:08:47Z","timestamp":1619611727000},"page":"2034-2043","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gaze Estimation Using Neural Network And Logistic Regression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Technology , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"School of Health Humanities , , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baosheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Technology , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , School of Public Health, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaotong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Technology , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Technology , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"},{"name":"Peking University , Health Science Center, , Beijing 100191, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.30","article-title":"In the eye of the beholder: a survey of models for eyes and gaze","volume":"32","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.101","article-title":"Appearance-based gaze estimation using visual saliency","volume":"35","author":"Sugano","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref3","first-page":"1821","article-title":"Learning-by-Synthesis for Appearance-Based 3D Gaze Estimation","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Sugano","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref4","first-page":"4511","article-title":"Appearance-Based Gaze Estimation in the Wild","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451020-4\/50031-1","article-title":"Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research: Ready to Deliver the Promises","volume-title":"The Mind's Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research","author":"Jacob","year":"2003"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1889\/1.1827881","article-title":"Computer display control and interaction using eye-gaze","volume":"10","author":"Farid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Soc. Inf. Disp."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2501\/JAR-2018-004","article-title":"Face presence and gaze direction in print advertisements","volume":"58","author":"Safaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Advert. Res."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref8","first-page":"100","article-title":"Passive Driver Gaze Tracking with Active Appearance Models","volume-title":"11th Word Congress on ITS in Nagoya","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.7771\/2159-6670.1184","article-title":"Operating different displays in military fast jets using eye gaze tracker","volume":"8","author":"Jeevitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Avia. Tech. Eng."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6392-3_3","volume-title":"Advances in Physiological Computing","author":"Majaranta","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.010","article-title":"Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications","volume":"98","author":"Morimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0462","article-title":"Screening for visual impairment in children ages 1-5 years: update for the USPSTF","volume":"127","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref14","first-page":"11","volume-title":"What You Look at Is What You Get: Eye Movement-Based Interaction Techniques","author":"Jacob","year":"1990"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref15","first-page":"2981","volume-title":"Look & Touch: Gaze-Supported Target Acquisition","author":"Stellmach","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/2598153.2598160","volume-title":"AwToolkit: Attention-Aware User Interface Widgets","author":"Garrido","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858479","volume-title":"Proc. of the 2016 CHI Conf. Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Xu","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref18","first-page":"3011","volume-title":"Increasing the Security of Gaze-Based Cued-Recall Graphical Passwords using Saliency Masks","author":"Bulling","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref19","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref20","first-page":"87","article-title":"Automatic Age Estimation from Face Image","volume-title":"International Conf. on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications","author":"Jana","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7068349","article-title":"Deep learning for computer vision: a brief review","volume":"2018","author":"Voulodimos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref22","first-page":"3739","volume-title":"International Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Sewell","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref23","first-page":"753","article-title":"Non-Intrusive Gaze Tracking using Artificial Neural Networks","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Baluja","year":"1993"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref24","first-page":"2176","article-title":"Eye Tracking for Everyone","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Krafka","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-017-0852-4","article-title":"TabletGaze: a dataset and baseline algorithms for unconstrained appearance-based gaze estimation in mobile tablets","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref26","first-page":"455","article-title":"A Comprehensive Head Pose and Gaze Database","volume-title":"IET International Conf. on Intelligent Environments","author":"Weidenbacher","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref27","volume-title":"European Conf. on Computer Vision","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref28","first-page":"334","article-title":"RT-GENE: Real-Time Eye Gaze Estimation in Natural Environments","volume-title":"The European Conf. Computer Vision (ECCV)","author":"Fischer","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref29","first-page":"362","article-title":"Predicting Eye Fixations using Convolutional Neural Networks","volume-title":"2015 IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Liu","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref30","first-page":"511","volume-title":"Proc. of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Viola","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref31","author":"Open source computer vision library"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref32","first-page":"448","volume-title":"Proc. of the 32nd International Conf. on International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Ioffe","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref33","first-page":"807","article-title":"Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines","volume-title":"International Conf. on Machine Learning","author":"Nair","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref34","author":"Krafka","year":"2016","journal-title":"GazeCapture."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref35","first-page":"918","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Zhu","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.01.005","article-title":"Learning gaze biases with head motion for head pose-free gaze estimation","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"2022081612371207100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2162740","article-title":"Combining head pose and eye location information for gaze estimation","volume":"21","author":"Valenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."}],"container-title":["The Computer Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/65\/8\/2034\/45329743\/bxab043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/65\/8\/2034\/45329743\/bxab043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T12:38:33Z","timestamp":1660653513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article\/65\/8\/2034\/6269131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxab043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4620","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}}}