{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T21:30:07Z","timestamp":1773091807721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["RTI2018-098156-B-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098156-B-C52"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Information and communication technologies backbone of a smart city is an Internet of Things (IoT) application that combines technologies such as low power IoT networks, device management, analytics or event stream processing. Hence, designing an efficient IoT architecture for real-time IoT applications brings technical challenges that include the integration of application network protocols and data processing. In this context, the system scalability of two architectures has been analysed: the first architecture, named as POST architecture, integrates the hyper text transfer protocol with an Extract-Transform-Load technique, and is used as baseline; the second architecture, named as MQTT-CEP, is based on a publish-subscribe protocol, i.e. message queue telemetry transport, and a complex event processor engine. In this analysis, SAVIA, a smart city citizen security application, has been deployed following both architectural approaches. Results show that the design of the network protocol and the data analytic layer impacts highly in the Quality of Service experimented by the final IoT users. The experiments show that the integrated MQTT-CEP architecture scales properly, keeps energy consumption limited and thereby, promotes the development of a distributed IoT architecture based on constraint resources. The drawback is an increase in latency, mainly caused by the loosely coupled communication pattern of MQTT, but within reasonable levels which stabilize with increasing workloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxab143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T03:08:43Z","timestamp":1631243323000},"page":"47-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Analysis of Computational Resources of Event-Driven Streaming Data Flow for Internet of Things: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Alonso","family":"Tenorio-Trigoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Posgrado , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Castillo-Cara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Lima , Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanny","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Information and Communication Technologies , Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albacete Research Institute of Informatics , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Caminero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albacete Research Institute of Informatics , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9324035","article-title":"Internet of Things: Architectures, protocols and applications","volume":"2017","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3403955","article-title":"Application management in fog computing environments: A taxonomy, review and future directions","volume":"53","author":"Mahmud","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106682","article-title":"MEdit4CEP-SP: A model-driven solution to improve decision-making through user-friendly management and real-time processing of heterogeneous data streams","volume":"213","author":"Corral-Plaza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Al-Fuqaha","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4474","article-title":"Internet of Things offloading: Ongoing issues, opportunities, and future challenges","volume":"33","author":"Heidari","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication Systems"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTER.2016.7829892","article-title":"Adaptive event tree-based hybrid CEP computational model for fog computing architecture","volume-title":"2016 Sixteenth International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer)","author":"Madumal","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref7","first-page":"1","article-title":"A QoS-aware service composition mechanism in the Internet of Things using a hidden Markov model-based optimization algorithm","volume":"1","author":"Sefati","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"An experimental study of fog and cloud computing in CEP-based real-time IoT applications","volume":"10","author":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cloud Computing"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600514","article-title":"Internet-of-Things-based Smart Cities: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"55","author":"Mehmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.1600398CM","article-title":"Internet of Things cloud: Architecture and implementation","volume":"54","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0215-2","article-title":"Evaluation of distributed stream processing frameworks for IoT applications in smart cities","volume":"6","author":"Nasiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Big Data"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxz027","article-title":"Collaborative task offloading with computation result reusing for mobile edge computing","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3049631","article-title":"A new preventive routing method based on clustering and location prediction in the mobile internet of things","author":"Sadrishojaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref14","volume-title":"Deployment & Operations \u2013 Configuration","author":"Flink"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2020.103426","article-title":"A stream processing architecture for heterogeneous data sources in the Internet of Things","volume":"70","author":"Corral-Plaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Standards & Interfaces"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2017.0163","article-title":"IoT technologies for Smart Cities","volume":"7","author":"Hammi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Networks"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.06.046","article-title":"A novel big data analytics framework for Smart Cities","volume":"91","author":"Osman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2010.2048257","article-title":"Foundations for Smarter Cities","volume":"54","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IBM Journal of Research and Development"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051258","article-title":"Habitat: An IoT solution for independent elderly","volume":"1","author":"Borelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Choice of effective messaging protocols for IoT systems: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP and HTTP","volume-title":"2017 IEEE International Systems Engineering Symposium (ISSE)","author":"Naik","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3292674","article-title":"A survey of communication protocols for Internet of Things and related challenges of fog and cloud computing integration","volume":"51","author":"Dizdarevi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPSW.2016.138","article-title":"Benchmarking streaming computation engines: Storm, Flink and Spark streaming","volume-title":"2016 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW)","author":"Chintapalli","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111979","article-title":"A testbed to evaluate the FIWARE-based IoT platform in the domain of precision agriculture","volume":"16","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88435","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926556","article-title":"An identity framework for providing access to FIWARE OAuth 2.0-based services according to the eIDAS European regulation","volume":"7","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37468-6_3","article-title":"Open service platforms for IoT","volume-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): Concepts and Applications","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref26","volume-title":"IBM Watson IoT platform","author":"IBM"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fog-cloud assisted IoT-based hierarchical approach for controlling dengue infection","volume":"0","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref28","first-page":"201","article-title":"IoT data processing in the fog: Functions, streams, or batch processing?","volume-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Fog Computing (ICFC)","author":"Pfandzelter","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2019.8767282","article-title":"SAT-IoT: An architectural model for a high-performance Fog\/Edge\/Cloud IoT platform","volume-title":"2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","author":"L\u00f3pez Pe\u00f1a","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2019.8931206","article-title":"SAVIA: Smart city citizen security application based on fog computing architecture","volume":"17","author":"Castillo-Cara","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Latin America Transactions"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06407-w","article-title":"IoT technology, applications and challenges: A contemporary survey","volume":"108","author":"Balaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.107037","article-title":"Survey, comparison and research challenges of IoT application protocols for smart farming","volume":"168","author":"Glaroudis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"2023011814091866100_ref33","volume-title":"perf: Linux profiling with performance counters","author":"perf","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["The Computer Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/66\/1\/47\/48729155\/bxab143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/66\/1\/47\/48729155\/bxab143.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T14:09:57Z","timestamp":1674050997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article\/66\/1\/47\/6381858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxab143","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4620","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}