{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T16:24:19Z","timestamp":1764433459565,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Researchers have proved that emotions play vital role in a human\u2019s life. They affect our way of living, making decisions and also our way of learning. There are many methods for emotion detection in e-learning. However, each of them comes with its own set of disadvantages discussed in the literature review. In this paper, the attributes that have been identified are purely unobtrusive in nature; attributes that do not interfere with the learner\u2019s activity and less is known to them that their emotions are being monitored. A methodology is presented to detect the emotions of the learner using keystrokes, mouse clicks, forum discussions and the results of assessments. Machine learning models have been trained and tested to predict the learner\u2019s emotions. The logistic regression performed fairly well in comparison to the other algorithms with an accuracy of about 85% and cross-validation score of 86%. During this study, interesting patterns are observed in learner\u2019s emotions that are discussed. Future directions include collecting diverse data to understand emotions of learners from various age groups and observing patterns in their emotional changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxac044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1650539633000},"page":"1840-1855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Unobtrusive Approach to Emotion Detection in E-Learning Systems"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fareeha","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology , Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Wahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology , Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(02)00078-5","article-title":"What is emotion?","volume":"60","author":"Cabanac","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/0539018405058216","article-title":"What are emotions? And how can they be measured?","volume":"44","author":"Scherer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Inf."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref3","first-page":"3","article-title":"How might emotions affect learning?","author":"Bower","year":"1992","journal-title":"Handb. Emot. Mem."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2304\/eerj.2010.9.1.13","article-title":"Learning and emotion: perspectives for theory and research","volume":"9","author":"Hascher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref5","first-page":"95","article-title":"Emotions and learning","volume":"25","author":"Pekrun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harv. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref6","first-page":"60","article-title":"How emotions affect learning-educational leadership","volume":"52","author":"Sylwester","year":"1994","journal-title":"Report. What students are Learn."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01454","article-title":"The influences of emotion on learning and memory","volume":"8","author":"Tyng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180010002297","article-title":"Student distress in a web-based distance education course","volume":"3","author":"Hara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2011.10.001","article-title":"The role of emotion in the learning process: comparisons between online and face-to-face learning settings","volume":"15","author":"Marchand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2011.10.003","article-title":"How achievement emotions impact students\u2019 decisions for online learning, and what precedes those emotions","volume":"15","author":"Tempelaar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref11","first-page":"12","volume-title":"HERDSA Annual Int. Conf., Melbourne","author":"Ingleton","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref12","first-page":"44","article-title":"Technology wars: winners and losers-the no significant difference phenomenon","volume":"32","author":"Russell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Educom Rev."},{"volume-title":"How Do You Like To Learn? Comparing User Preferences and Visit Length of Educational Web Sites","year":"2002","author":"Schaller","key":"2023081805144777900_ref13"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref14","first-page":"78","article-title":"Emotion and e-learning","volume":"7","author":"O'Regan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Asynch. Learn. Netw."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.05.004","article-title":"Motivation and emotion as mediators in multimedia learning","volume":"29","author":"Leutner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"volume-title":"Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions","year":"1988","author":"Frank","key":"2023081805144777900_ref16"},{"volume-title":"The Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Research and Theory","year":"1992","author":"Christianson","key":"2023081805144777900_ref17"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref18","first-page":"43","volume-title":"An Affective Model of Interplay Between Emotions and Learning: Reengineering Educational Pedagogy-Building a Learning Companion","author":"Kort","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref19","first-page":"6","article-title":"Emotions and learning with AutoTutor","volume":"158","author":"Graesser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell. Appl."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref20","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Proc. 28th Annual Meetings of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Graesser","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref21","first-page":"176","article-title":"Affective e-learning: using emotional data to improve learning in pervasive learning environment","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref22","first-page":"9","article-title":"When emotions enhance students\u2019 engagement in e-learning processes","volume":"12","author":"D\u2019Errico","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. E-Learning Knowl. Soc."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030377","article-title":"Constants across cultures in the face and emotion","volume":"17","author":"Ekman","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.4240","article-title":"Speech emotion analysis","volume":"3","author":"Juslin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref25","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mobile Sensing for Emotion Recognition in Smartphones: A Literature Review on Non-Intrusive Methodologies","author":"Tzafilkou","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref26","first-page":"859","article-title":"Affective modeling and recognition of learning emotion: application to e-learning","volume-title":"Journal of Software","author":"Wu","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref27","first-page":"3229","volume-title":"Proc. EDULEARN\u201915 Conf","author":"Albu","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref28","first-page":"47","volume-title":"2013 IEEE Fifth Int. Conf. Technology for Education (t4e 2013)","author":"Happy","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/CW.2008.41","volume-title":"2008 Int. Conf. Cyberworlds","author":"Li","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref30","first-page":"423","volume-title":"2010 Second Int. Conf. Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing","author":"Wang","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2006.258689","volume-title":"2006 Int. Conf. Machine Learning and Cybernetics","author":"Nosu","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref32","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. 2012 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conf. (EDUCON)","author":"Porta","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref33","first-page":"613","volume-title":"Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing","author":"Ray","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/T4E.2015.21","volume-title":"Proc. 2015 IEEE Seventh Int. Conf. Technology for Education (T4E)","author":"Ashwin","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref35","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Computing & Informatics","author":"Siraj","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/T4E.2013.34","volume-title":"Conference: 2013 IEEE Fifth Int. Conf. Technology for Education (T4E)","author":"Vermun","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-019-09241-8","article-title":"Exploring emotional and cognitive dynamics of Knowledge Building in grades 1 and 2","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"User Model User-Adap. Inter."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2007.4288656","volume-title":"2007 15th Int. Conf. Digital Signal Processing","author":"Sethu","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1456-2_7","volume-title":"Speech and Audio Processing for Coding, Enhancement and Recognition","author":"Sethu","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.17516\/1997-1397-2016-9-4-518-523","article-title":"Speech-based Emotion Recognition and Speaker Identification: Static vs. Dynamic Mode of Speech Representation","volume":"9","author":"Sidorov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Math. Phys."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref41","first-page":"341","article-title":"Emotion recognition from speech","volume":"3","author":"Sapra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng."},{"volume-title":"Using Biosensors for Sharing Emotions via a Data Network Service","year":"2014","author":"Geurts","key":"2023081805144777900_ref42"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref43","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Conf. Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI 98 Conf. Summary on Human factors in Computing Systems","author":"Riseberg","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69139-6_68","volume-title":"4th Kuala Lumpur Int. Conf. Biomedical Engineering 2008","author":"Murugappan","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref45","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Charoenpit","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref46","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2015 IEEE Int. Conf. Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT)","author":"Ray","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref47","first-page":"176","article-title":"Affective e-Learning: Using Emotional Data to Improve Learning in Pervasive Learning Environment Related Work and the Pervasive e-Learning Platform","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.04.128","article-title":"Using You Tube Comments for Text-based Emotion Recognition","volume":"83","author":"Yasmina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref49","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Alm","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2018.09.002","article-title":"Deep learning for affective computing: text-based emotion recognition in decision support","volume":"115","author":"Kratzwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v9i6.4110","article-title":"SAFE: a sentiment analysis framework for e-learning","volume":"9","author":"Colace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_56","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"Altrabsheh","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref53","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Towards an Emotion Labeling Model to Detect Emotions in Educational Discourse","author":"Arguedas","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/INCoS.2011.83","volume-title":"Proc. 2011 Third Int. Conf. Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems","author":"Feidakis","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref55","first-page":"1638","article-title":"A Dual-Modal System that Evaluates User\u2019s Emotions in Virtual Learning Environments and Responds Affectively","volume":"19","author":"Feidakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"JUCS-J. Univers. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2012.6359628","volume-title":"Proc. 2012 Int. Conf. Machine Learning and Cybernetics","author":"Chen","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref57","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Koli Calling Int. Conf. Computing Education Research","author":"Munezero","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref58","first-page":"887","volume-title":"2012 Sixth Int. Conf. Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref59","first-page":"168","article-title":"Detecting and making use of emotions to enhance student motivation in e-learning environments","volume":"24","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Contin. Eng. Educ. Life-Long Learn."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_102","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Education","author":"Santos","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812775320_0021","volume-title":"Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision","author":"Sebe","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.37","article-title":"Multimodal emotion recognition in response to videos","volume":"3","author":"Soleymani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-009-0025-5","article-title":"Multimodal emotion recognition in speech-based interaction using facial expression, body gesture and acoustic analysis","volume":"3","author":"Kessous","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3005-5_54","volume-title":"Proc. Chin. Conf. Pattern Recognition","author":"Deng","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2014.908927","article-title":"Towards multimodal emotion recognition in e-learning environments","volume":"24","author":"Bahreini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2016.1159799","article-title":"Data fusion for real-time multimodal emotion recognition through webcams and microphones in e-learning","volume":"32","author":"Bahreini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.08.151","article-title":"An evaluation of mouse and keyboard interaction indicators towards non-intrusive and low cost affective modeling in an educational context","volume":"35","author":"Salmeron-Majadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref68","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Proc. -2016 IEEE Int. Conf. Healthc. Informatics, ICHI 2016","author":"Gledson","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-013-2331-z","article-title":"Towards estimating computer users\u2019 mood from interaction","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Comp. Sci."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref70","first-page":"130","volume-title":"2012 Int. Conf. Robot. Artif. Intell. ICRAI 2012","author":"Khan","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref71","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Proc. 2014 Sci. Inf. Conf. SAI 2014","author":"Lim","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979046","volume-title":"Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Epp","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSE.2015.7250273","volume-title":"2015 10th Int. Conf. Computer Science Education (ICCSE)","author":"Leong","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref74","first-page":"9","article-title":"Fine-grained detection of programming students\u2019 frustration using keystrokes, mouse clicks and interaction logs","volume":"04","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2008\/0062","article-title":"Web-based biometric mouse intelligent system for analysis of emotional state and labour productivity","volume-title":"ISARC 2008 - Proceedings from the 25th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction","author":"Zavadskas","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref76","first-page":"192","volume-title":"ACHI 2014-7th Int. Conf. Advances in Computer-Human Interactions","author":"Sun","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref77","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Proc. of 2013 IEEE Fifth Int. Conf. Technology for Education (t4e 2013)","author":"Kabi","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.13053\/rcs-87-1-3","article-title":"Affective States in Software Programming: Classification of Individuals Based on Their Keystroke and Mouse Dynamics","volume":"87","author":"Hernandez-Aguila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-014-1790-y","article-title":"Hybrid affective computing \u2014 keyboard, mouse and touch screen: from review to experiment","volume":"26","author":"Bakhtiyari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Applic."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref80","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Big Data Technologies and Applications","author":"Estrada","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref81","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Proc. -2016 4th Int. Conf. User Sci. Eng. i-USEr 2016","author":"Lim","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref82","first-page":"1408","volume-title":"2018 15th Int. Conf. Control. Autom. Robot. Vis","author":"Liu","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref83","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE Access","author":"Salmeron-Majadas","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1145\/1709424.1709444","article-title":"Learning difficulties experienced by students in a course on formal languages and automata theory","volume":"41","author":"Pillay","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM SIGCSE Bull."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref85","first-page":"35","article-title":"An interactive learning environment for information and communication theory","volume":"13","author":"Hamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref86","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Annual SIGCSE Conf. Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education - ITiCSE \u201905","author":"Verma","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref87","first-page":"1166","volume-title":"IEEE 2019 2nd Int. Conf. Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation And Control Technologies","author":"Rasheed","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023081805144777900_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-007-9052-3","article-title":"Machine learning: a review of classification and combining techniques","volume":"26","author":"Kotsiantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."}],"container-title":["The Computer Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/66\/8\/1840\/51107554\/bxac044.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article-pdf\/66\/8\/1840\/51107554\/bxac044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T05:16:07Z","timestamp":1692335767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comjnl\/article\/66\/8\/1840\/6569538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comjnl\/bxac044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4620","1460-2067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0010-4620"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1460-2067"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]}}}