{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T21:54:31Z","timestamp":1762034071228,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Social Science Fund of Shaanxi Province","award":["2019Q019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019Q019"]}]},{"name":"China Higher Education Association Special Project","award":["202024HYB13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202024HYB13"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology Key R&D Program","award":["2022GY-317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GY-317"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In face anti-spoofing tasks, distinguishing between live and spoof faces across different data domains presents challenges due to inter-class similarities, intra-class variations and unknown spoof patterns. This hampers generalization in real-world applications. To address this, we propose a novel convolutional neural network framework that utilizes spatial-frequency cues for 2D and 3D attacks. Furthermore, we introduce compact anomaly metrics and design three anomaly metrics-based supervisions from the perspective of Reed-Xiaoli anomaly detection, aiming to tackle the challenge posed by unknown attacks. Thanks to our proposed spatial frequency factorization network and its frequency-related supervisions, the spoofing cues are significantly enhanced, resulting in remarkable improvements in our experimental results. These outcomes demonstrate that our proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on both monocular and multi-spectral benchmark datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxae039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T14:24:45Z","timestamp":1714746285000},"page":"2725-2738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anomaly Metrics on Class Variations For Face Anti-Spoofing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Weihua","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Eurasia University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center , Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Xi\u2019an, 710078 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Technology , Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Technology , Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101206253150800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.08.019","article-title":"Discriminative representation combinations for accurate face spoofing detection","volume":"85","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"2024101206253150800_ref2","first-page":"892","article-title":"Face spoofing attack detection using spatial frequency and gradient-based descriptor","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"KSII Trans. 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