{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:33:46Z","timestamp":1783082026058,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2700100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2700100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23ZR1417800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1417800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Shanghai Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22ZR1419600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1419600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12071138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12071138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Information Network Security of Ministry of Public Security","award":["C22600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C22600"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015013","name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022D05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Trusted Industry Internet Software Collaborative Innovation Center"},{"name":"Cloud Technology Endowed Professorship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Coin mixing is an efficient anonymization technology of cryptocurrency used to eliminate the linkability of transaction parties by hiding their addresses in an anonymous set. However, a common weakness with most existing coin mixing schemes is that the amount of mixed coins must be the same for all requests within a mixing cycle, otherwise it is easy for an attacker to restore the linkability of transaction parties. In this paper, we design a stage-payable puzzle solution mechanism, named CoinFA, which reverses the control of the requesting amounts to the users for flexible mixing amounts. In our design, the payee (with an output address) first requests a puzzle from the mixers and the latter are the only ones who know the solution of the puzzle. If the payee solves the puzzle successfully, he can be rewarded with the corresponding Bitcoins. The payer (allowed to have multiple input addresses) then requests the solution by paying in installments. We achieve better security by weakening the rights of the involved third parties, while the hierarchical structure allows our solution to have better efficiency and robustness. We perform a security analysis on CoinFA based on the standard Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) assumption and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm unforgeability. We also analyze the performance of CoinFA by comparing it with two related schemes, and the results show that our CoinFA scheme has a greater advantage when the mixing amount is relatively small.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxae076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T20:02:36Z","timestamp":1724616156000},"page":"3141-3150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CoinFA: an efficient coin mixing scheme with flexible amounts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing , East China Normal University, Shanghai,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory , Southeast University, NanJing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing , East China Normal University, Shanghai,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim-Kwang","family":"Raymond Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security , University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengju","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing , East China Normal University, Shanghai,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory , Southeast University, NanJing,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , Changchun,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref1","article-title":"Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph","volume-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security\u201417th International Conference, Okinawa, April 1-5, 2013","author":"Ron","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34511","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3163023","article-title":"Fusion in cryptocurrency price prediction: a decade survey on recent advancements, architecture, and potential future directions","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref4","first-page":"894","article-title":"A stealthier partitioning attack against bitcoin peer-to-peer network","volume-title":"2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Francisco, May 18-21, 2020","author":"Tran","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref5","first-page":"837","article-title":"Tracing transactions across cryptocurrency ledgers","volume-title":"28th USENIX Security Symposium(USENIX Security 2019), Santa Clara, CA, USA, August 14-16, 2019","author":"Yousaf","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref6","first-page":"2207","article-title":"How to peel a million: Validating and expanding bitcoin clusters","volume-title":"31st usenix security symposium (usenix security 22), Boston, MA, USA, August 10\u201312, 2022","author":"Kappos","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref7","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Watch your back: Identifying cybercrime financial relationships in Bitcoin through back-and-forth exploration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November 7-11, 2022","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref8","first-page":"1318","article-title":"An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system","volume-title":"2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing, Boston, MA, USA, 2011","author":"Reid","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025010523430361800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2018-0038","article-title":"When the cookie meets the blockchain: privacy risks of web payments via cryptocurrencies","volume":"2018","author":"Goldfeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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