{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:01:44Z","timestamp":1774540904339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61672486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61672486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A sketch-based method is promising for traffic monitoring in data center networks. Existing data plane programming model (e.g. P4) assumes target switch as one single pipeline, while state-of-the-art programmable switches actually contain multiple independent pipelines. The status quo approach for deploying a sketch-based measurement application on a multi-pipeline switch is to deploy a sketch instance in each pipeline individually. However, under multi-path routing, such a naive approach leads to poor accuracy. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we present Confluence, a sketch-based network measurement system for multi-pipeline switches. For monitoring network flows that have packets arrived in bursts and spread over multiple pipelines, Confluence introduces novel data structures to collect short-term traffic statistics in ingress pipelines, and converge the measurement data to egress pipelines. Confluence is carefully designed under the switch hardware constraints, and in particular, to resolve the circular dependency in querying and updating a flow\u2019s measurement data from sketch buckets, we propose a novel algorithm and theoretically prove its effectiveness. Both theoretical analysis and experiments driven by real-world traffic traces show that Confluence delivers higher measurement accuracies than existing solutions, especially in the critical task of detecting heavy hitters. Assessment on hardware switch suggests that Confluence is practical for real-world deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxaf039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T18:11:19Z","timestamp":1743358279000},"page":"1315-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Confluence: improving network monitoring accuracy on multi-pipeline data plane"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Cenman","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory on High-Performance Computing , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory on High-Performance Computing , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory on High-Performance Computing , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory on High-Performance Computing , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , School of Computer Science and Technology, , 96 Jinzhai Rd., Baohe District, Hefei 230026, Anhui ,","place":["China"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref1","volume-title":"Cisco Systems NetFlow Services Export Version 9","author":"RFC 3954","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref2","volume-title":"sFlow Version 5","author":"Phaal","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2023.3286879","article-title":"Per-flow network measurement with distributed sketch","volume":"32","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref4","first-page":"311","article-title":"FlowRadar: A better NetFlow for data centers","volume-title":"Proc. of NSDI\u201916","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2982739","article-title":"Designing heavy-hitter detection algorithms for programmable switches","volume":"28","author":"Basat","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref6","first-page":"561","article-title":"Elastic sketch: Adaptive and fast network-wide measurements","volume-title":"Proc. of SIGCOMM\u201918","author":"Yang","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref7","first-page":"207","article-title":"CocoSketch: High-performance sketch-based measurement over arbitrary partial key query","volume-title":"Proc. of SIGCOMM\u201921, Virtual Event","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref8","first-page":"991","article-title":"LightGuardian: A full-visibility, lightweight, in-band telemetry system using sketchlets","volume-title":"Proc. of NSDI\u201921, Virtual Event","author":"Zhao","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"DUNE: Improving accuracy for sketch-int network measurement systems","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM\u201923","author":"Wei","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2023.3306897","article-title":"P-sketch: A fast and accurate sketch for persistent item lookup","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref11","volume-title":"P4 Open Source Programming Language"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref12","volume-title":"Intel Tofino 2"},{"key":"2025092201572130800_ref13","volume-title":"Broadcom. 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