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The aim is to propose a computationally inexpensive algorithm with high accuracy in terms of performance and processing speed. Hence, a computationally inexpensive pupil center localization algorithm based on maximized integral voting of candidate kernels is presented. As the kernel type, a novel circular hollow kernel (CHK) is used. Estimation of pupil center is employed by applying a rule-based schema for each pixel over the eye sockets. Additionally, several features of CHK are proposed for maximizing the probability of voting for each kernel. Experimental results show promising results with 96.94% overall accuracy with around 13.89 ms computational time (71.99 fps) for a single image as an average time by using a standard PC. An extensive benchmarking study indicates that this method outperforms the learning-free algorithms and it competes with the other methods having a learning phase while their processing speed is much higher. Furthermore, this proposed learning-free system is fast enough to run on an average PC and also applicable to work with even a low-resolution webcam on a real-time video stream.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxy102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T07:22:38Z","timestamp":1536045758000},"page":"1001-1015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Low-Cost Pupil Center Localization Algorithm Based on Maximized Integral Voting of Circular Hollow Kernels"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim Furkan","family":"Ince","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf Sait","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2960-8725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faruk","family":"Bulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Rumeli University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Haidar","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, International Balkan University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019071809560550200_bxy102C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-016-0018-x","article-title":"A survey on human\u2013computer interaction technologies and techniques","volume":"2","author":"Badi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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