{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:50:45Z","timestamp":1768589445306,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004745","name":"Research Center of College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are a number of issues related to the development of biometric authentication systems, such as privacy breach, consequential security and biometric template storage. Thus, the current paper aims to address these issues through the hybrid approach of watermarking with biometric encryption. A multimodal biometric template protection approach with fusion at score level using fingerprint and face templates is proposed. The proposed approach includes two basic stages, enrollment stage and verification stage. During the enrollment stage, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is applied on the face images to embed the fingerprint features into different directional sub-bands. Watermark embedding and extraction are done by quantizing the mean values of the wavelet coefficients. Subsequently, the inverse DWT is applied to obtain the watermarked image. Following this, a unique token is assigned for each genuine user and a hyper-chaotic map is used to produce a key stream in order to encrypt a watermarked image using block-cipher. The experimentation results indicate the efficiency of the proposed approach in term of achieving a reasonable error rate of 3.87%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxz047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]],"date-time":"2019-04-14T11:07:24Z","timestamp":1555240044000},"page":"479-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Combining Watermarking and Hyper-Chaotic Map to Enhance the Security of Stored Biometric Templates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Wadood","family":"Abdul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ohoud","family":"Nafea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanaa","family":"Ghouzali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020042105454373600_bxz047C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.403.0614","article-title":"Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics-based authentication systems","volume":"40","author":"Ratha","year":"2001","journal-title":"IBM Syst. 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