{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:02:03Z","timestamp":1761861723516,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Army Research Office, Network Science Program","award":["W911NF1710431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF1710431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We propose a model for demonstrating spontaneous emergence of collective intelligent behaviour (i.e. adaptation and resilience of a social system) from selfish individual agents. Agents\u2019 behaviour is modelled using our proposed selfish algorithm ($SA$) with three learning mechanisms: reinforced learning ($SAL$), trust ($SAT$) and connection ($SAC$). Each of these mechanisms provides a distinctly different way an agent can increase the individual benefit accrued through playing the prisoner\u2019s dilemma game ($PDG$) with other agents. $SAL$ generates adaptive reciprocity between the agents with a level of mutual cooperation that depends on the temptation of the individuals to cheat. Adding $SAT$ or $SAC$ to $SAL$ improves the adaptive reciprocity between selfish agents, raising the level of mutual cooperation. Importantly, the mechanisms in the $SA$ are self-tuned by the internal dynamics that depend only on the change in the agent\u2019s own payoffs. This is in contrast to any pre-established reciprocity mechanism (e.g. predefined connections among agents) or awareness of the behaviour or payoffs of other agents. Also, we study adaptation and resilience of the social systems utilizing $SA$ by turning some of the agents to zealots to show that agents reconstruct the reciprocity structure in such a way to eliminate the zealots from getting advantage of a cooperative environment. The implications and applications of the $SA$ are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnaa019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T03:29:39Z","timestamp":1590550179000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Selfish algorithm and emergence of collective intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Korosh","family":"Mahmoodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce J","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Sciences Directorate, Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleotilde","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"reference":[{"journal-title":"Two Lectures on the Checks to Population: Delivered before the University of Oxford, in Michaelmas Term 1832","year":"1833","author":"Lloyd,","key":"2020080304202781200_B1"},{"key":"2020080304202781200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133755","article-title":"Five rules for the evolution of cooperation","volume":"314","author":"Nowak,","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020080304202781200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042145","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.88.042145","article-title":"Insight into the so-called spatial reciprocity","volume":"88","author":"Wang,","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. 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