{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:46:24Z","timestamp":1753875984408,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007482","name":"Arizona State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous network models have imagined that connections change to promote structural balance, or to reflect hierarchies. We propose a model where agents adjust their connections to appear credible to an external judge or observer. In particular, we envision a signed, directed network where positive edges represent endorsements or trust and negative edges represent accusations or doubt, and consider both the strategies an external judge might use to identify credible nodes and the strategies nodes might use to then appear credible by changing their outgoing edges. First, we establish that an external judge may be able to exactly identify a set of \u2018honest\u2019 nodes from an adversarial set of \u2018cheater\u2019 nodes regardless of the cheater nodes\u2019 connections. However, while these results show that an external judge\u2019s task is not hopeless, some of these theorems involve network structures that are NP-hard to find. Instead, we suggest a simple heuristic that an external judge might use to identify which nodes are not credible based upon their involvement with particular implicating edge motifs. Building on these notions, and analogously to some models of structural balance, we develop a discrete-time dynamical system where nodes engage in consistency dynamics, where inconsistent arrangements of edges that cause a node to look \u2018suspicious\u2019 exert pressure for that node to change edges. We demonstrate that these dynamics provide a new way to understand group fracture when nodes are worried about appearing consistent to an external judge or observer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnz047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T04:37:20Z","timestamp":1576816640000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consistency dynamics in accusation-endorsement networks with an external judge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Goodloe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020022006092853500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046049","article-title":"Structural balance: a generalization of Heider\u2019s theory","volume":"63","author":"Cartwright,","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1946.9917275","article-title":"Attitudes and cognitive organization","volume":"21","author":"Heider,","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772756","article-title":"Predicting positive and negative links in online social networks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web.","author":"Leskovec,","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753532","article-title":"Signed networks in social media","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Leskovec,","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036121","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.72.036121","article-title":"Dynamics of social balance on networks","volume":"72","author":"Antal,","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.198701","article-title":"Energy landscape of social balance","volume":"103","author":"Marvel,","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","volume-title":"Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications","author":"Wasserman,","year":"1994"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.15195\/v6.a8","article-title":"The structure of negative social ties in rural village networks","volume":"6","author":"Isakov,","journal-title":"Sociol. Sci."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1086\/692757","article-title":"The structural balance theory of sentiment networks: elaboration and test","volume":"123","author":"Rawlings,","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013213108","article-title":"Continuous-time model of structural balance","volume":"108","author":"Marvel,","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.2010.532262","article-title":"The micro-macro link for the theory of structural balance","volume":"35","author":"Van de Rijt,","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Math. Sociol."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038135","article-title":"Dynamics of opinion forming in structurally balanced social networks","volume":"7","author":"Altafini,","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B13","first-page":"233","article-title":"Hybrid transitive trust mechanisms","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: Volume 1","author":"Tang,","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1145\/1080192.1080202","article-title":"Sybilproof reputation mechanisms","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems.","author":"Cheng,","year":"2005"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B15","article-title":"Personalized hitting time for informative trust mechanisms despite sybils","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2016)","author":"Liu,","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1145\/1566374.1566423","article-title":"Sybilproof transitive trust protocols","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce","author":"Resnick,","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963485","article-title":"Finding the bias and prestige of nodes in networks based on trust scores","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on World Wide Web","author":"Mishra,","year":"2011"},{"author":"Kumar,","key":"2020022006092853500_B18"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159729","article-title":"Rev2: fraudulent user prediction in rating platforms","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining","author":"Kumar,","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_3","article-title":"Beware the middleman: empirical analysis of bitcoin-exchange risk","volume-title":"International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security","author":"Moore,","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1137\/16M1087175","article-title":"Configuring random graph models with fixed degree sequences","volume":"60","author":"Fosdick,","year":"2018","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012320","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.99.012320","article-title":"Balance in signed networks","volume":"99","author":"Kirkley,","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"article-title":"Testing for balance in social networks","year":"2018","author":"Feng,","key":"2020022006092853500_B23"},{"key":"2020022006092853500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6698(80)80030-8","article-title":"A probabilistic proof of an asymptotic formula for the number of labelled regular graphs","volume":"1","author":"Bollob\u00e1s,","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. J. Combin."}],"container-title":["Journal of Complex Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comnet\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/cnz047\/32527933\/cnz047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comnet\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/cnz047\/32527933\/cnz047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T12:43:02Z","timestamp":1613220182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/comnet\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/comnet\/cnz047\/5741156"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James","family":"Gleeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comnet\/cnz047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1329"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2051-1329"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"article-number":"cnz047"}}