{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T18:15:30Z","timestamp":1782584130645,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Are cyber-enabled information warfare (IW) campaigns uniquely threatening when compared with traditional influence operations undertaken by state actors? Or is the recent \u201chacking\u201d of Western democracies simply old wine in new\u2014but fundamentally similar\u2014bottles? This article draws on classical theories of democratic functionality from the political science and communications studies fields to deconstruct the aims and effects of cyber-enabled IW. I describe democracies as information systems wherein the moderating functions of democratic discourse and policy deliberation rely on robust mechanisms for asserting the credibility, origination, and quality of information. Whereas the institutions of democracy are often compromised in ways that force failures of the system\u2019s moderating dynamics, influence operations in the digital age act to subvert the traditional mechanisms of democratic functionality in new ways. Sophisticated digital age information operations create a multifaceted attribution challenge to the target state that amounts to unprecedented uncertainty about the nature and scope of the threat. However, the promise of cyber-enabled IW capabilities emerges more from the rewiring of modern democratic information environments around new media platforms than it does from the cyber conflict faculties of state actors. Rather, cyber operations act as an adjunct modifier of IW abilities that allow belligerent governments to secure new sources of private information, to divert attention from other pillars of IW campaigns, to compromise the capabilities of domestic counterintelligence assets and to tacitly coerce important members of society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyaa013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T16:24:14Z","timestamp":1600100654000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cyber conflict or democracy \u201chacked\u201d? How cyber operations enhance information warfare"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Whyte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020091412240672500_tyaa013-B1","author":"Demirjian","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020091412240672500_tyaa013-B2","author":"Chalfant","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020091412240672500_tyaa013-B3","volume-title":"Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President What We Don't, Can't, and Do Know","author":"Jamieson","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020091412240672500_tyaa013-B4","author":"Arquilla","year":"1996"},{"key":"2020091412240672500_tyaa013-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/03058298030320030801","article-title":"Black code: censorship, surveillance, and militarization of cyberspace","volume":"32","author":"Deibert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Millennium J Int 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