{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:04:43Z","timestamp":1779847483662,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":146,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000308","name":"British Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1203777084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1203777084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The maritime domain has relied on advanced technology that has been developing progressively, which increases the risk associated with new challenging threats regarding cybersecurity. Many researchers and technical reports mainly focus on the technical measures to prevent cyber-attacks; however, the human factor is still the crucial reason for cyber-attacks, similar to maritime accidents. This study aims to quantitatively assess human factors\u2019 role in cybersecurity by evaluating the seafarers\u2019 perception of cybersecurity risks and best practices in the maritime domain. The structured questionnaire was designed to measure the seafarers\u2019 cybersecurity awareness, perceptions, and knowledge, as well as their understanding of cybersecurity rules and protocols and their ability to identify and respond to potential cyber-attacks. The collected data was analysed using statistical methods to identify the relation between human factors and cybersecurity domain. The finding reveals that an organization\u2019s cybersecurity policies and guidelines influence an individual\u2019s security-related behaviours. Additionally, cybersecurity perception, knowledge, awareness, and behaviour of seafarers are positively associated. The study\u2019s results would have significant implications for maritime organizations, shipping companies, and training and education centres, which would be needed to develop effective policies, strategies, and tailored training programmes to address the specific needs of seafarers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyag015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T11:39:07Z","timestamp":1778326747000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A quantitative assessment of human factors in maritime cybersecurity: an investigation of seafarers\u2019 knowledge and practices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasin Burak","family":"Kurt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde Maritime Human Factors Centre, Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, , 100 Montrose Street, GlasgowG4 0LZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5099-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hollie","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde Maritime Human Factors Centre, Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, , 100 Montrose Street, GlasgowG4 0LZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esma","family":"Uflaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Technical University Department of Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering, , Tuzla, 34940 Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafet Emek","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde Maritime Human Factors Centre, Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, , 100 Montrose Street, GlasgowG4 0LZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Strathclyde Maritime Human Factors Centre, Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, , 100 Montrose Street, GlasgowG4 0LZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib1","article-title":"Allianz Risk Barometer Identifying the major business risks","author":"Allianz","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib2","article-title":"Review of maritime transport","author":"UNCTAD","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib3","volume-title":"Cyber attack update","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib4","volume-title":"Shipping company Maersk says June cyberattack could cost it up to $300 million","author":"Novet","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib5","volume-title":"Cyber-attack on ShipManager servers\u2014update","author":"Vandbakk","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib6","volume-title":"Shifting Tides, Rising Ransoms and Critical Decisions","author":"Kenney","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib7","article-title":"Maritime cyber priority","author":"DNV","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.martra.2021.100016","article-title":"Human error in marine accidents: is the crew normally to blame?","volume":"2","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Beaskoetxea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maritime Transp Res"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib9","article-title":"Securing Europe\u2019s information society: general report","author":"ENISA","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib10","article-title":"Digital Containership Association, International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners (INTERCARGO), InterManager, International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO), International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), International Union of Marine Insurance (IUMI), Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), Superyacht Builders Association (Sybass) and World Shipping Council (WSC); Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships","author":"BIMCO CoSoA","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib11","volume-title":"Recommendation on Cyber Resilience","author":"IACS","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib12","first-page":"6","volume-title":"MSC-FAL.1\/Circ.3 Guidelines On Maritime Cyber Risk Management","author":"International Maritime Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804042-3.00093-2","article-title":"3.23\u2013The evolution of primate executive function: from response control to strategic decision-making","volume-title":"Evolution of Nervous Systems","author":"Rosati","year":"2017","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib14","first-page":"20","article-title":"Monitoring seafarers\u2019 cognitive performance under stressor factors during a voyage by automated neuropsychological assesment metrics","volume":"14","author":"Tac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constanta Maritime Univ Annals"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812756-8.00002-5","article-title":"Chapter 2\u2013theories of cognitive aging and work","volume-title":"Work Across the Lifespan","author":"Fisher","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00358","article-title":"Commonalities between perception and cognition","volume":"2","author":"Tacca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562921990065","article-title":"Defining self-awareness in the context of adult development: a systematic literature review","volume":"46","author":"Carden","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Manag Educ"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104213","article-title":"The effects of augmented reality on operator situation awareness and head-down time","volume":"116","author":"Houweling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.70015","article-title":"A literature review of conceptual modeling for human systems integration in manned-unmanned systems","volume":"29","author":"Langen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Syst Eng"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib20","first-page":"55","article-title":"A study about the role of the human factor in maritime cybersecurity","volume":"71","author":"Pseftelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"SPOUDAI J Econ Bus"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.martra.2022.100065","article-title":"A model of factors influencing deck officers\u2019 cyber risk perception in offshore operations","volume":"3","author":"Larsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maritime Transp Res"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1002205","article-title":"Navigating through cyber threats, a maritime navigator\u2019s experience","volume":"53","author":"Erstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Fact Cybersecur"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib23","first-page":"70","volume-title":"How to Improve the Cyber Security Awareness in the Shipping Industry","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105334","article-title":"Integration of extended reality technologies in transportation systems: a bibliometric analysis and review of emerging trends, challenges, and future research","volume":"26","author":"Hassan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5220\/0011068400003179","article-title":"Cyberwarfare readiness in the maritime environment","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems","author":"Harris","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberSA.2019.8899351","article-title":"Cyber attacks real time detection towards a cyber SA for naval systems","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Cyber SA, Data Analytics And Assessment (Cyber SA)","author":"Jacq","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1017\/s0373463318000164","article-title":"Enhancing navigator competence by demonstrating maritime cyber security","volume":"71","author":"Hareide","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Navig"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1177\/1748006\u00d7241309170","article-title":"Multi-level risk classification of distributed embedded software failures for autonomous systems","volume":"239","author":"Gomola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng Part O J Risk Reliab"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.3390\/app15094986","article-title":"Enhancing safety in autonomous maritime transportation systems with real-time AI agents","volume":"15","author":"Durlik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCI.2017.17","article-title":"A platform for raising awareness on cyber security in a maritime context","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI)","author":"Becmeur","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib31","first-page":"480","article-title":"Improving cyber situational awareness in maritime surveillance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security ECCWS","author":"Simola","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberSA52016.2021.9478189","article-title":"Navigation anomaly detection: an added value for maritime cyber situational awareness","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment (CyberSA)","author":"Boudehenn","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2025.104433","article-title":"Enhancing maritime cyber situational awareness: a cybersecurity visualisation for non-experts","volume":"154","author":"Too","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3390\/info15110710","article-title":"Cybersecurity at sea: a literature review of cyber-attack impacts and defenses in maritime supply chains","volume":"15","author":"Mesa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2025.104607","article-title":"Cyber risk communication during vessel incident management: a case study","volume":"157","author":"Nganga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s13437-023-00304-7","article-title":"A human-centred design approach for the development and conducting of maritime cyber resilience training","volume":"22","author":"Erstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.5916\/jkosme.2017.41.8.738","article-title":"Improving cyber security awareness in maritime transport : a way forward","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Kor Soc Mar Eng"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib38","first-page":"21","article-title":"Sector-specific training\u2014a federated maritime scenario","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Multimedia Communications, Services and Security, MCSS 2022, Krak\u00f3w, Poland, November 3\u20134, 2022","author":"De\u00a0La\u00a0Vall\u00e9e","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib39","first-page":"242","article-title":"Cultivating cybersecurity awareness among seafarers","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Industry Sciences and Computer Science Innovation","author":"Skinner","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib40","article-title":"Increasing maritime cybersecurity awareness through game-based learning","volume-title":"MTEC-ICMASS-2024","author":"Jepsen","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib41","volume-title":"Cybersecurity Breaches Survey 2017 Main Report. Department for Culture","author":"Klahr","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003216582-6","article-title":"Shortcomings in cybersecurity education for Seafarers","volume-title":"Developments in MaritimeTechnology and Engineering","author":"Heering","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.7225\/toms.v09n02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of Montenegrin seafarers\u2019 awareness of cyber security","volume":"9","author":"Mrakovi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans Maritime Sci"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-024-00760-y","article-title":"Proposing the future skill requirements for maritime cyber security","volume":"26","author":"Soner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn Tech Work"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258750","DOI":"10.33175\/mtr.2023.258750","article-title":"Developing a maritime cyber safety culture: improving safety of operations","volume":"5","author":"Hopcraft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Marit Technol Res"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65722-2_8","article-title":"Maritime surveillance and information sharing systems for better situational awareness on the European maritime domain: a literature review","volume-title":"Digital Transformation, Cyber Security and Resilience of Modern Societies","author":"Tikanm\u00e4ki","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2023.106493","article-title":"Maritime cybersecurity threats: gaps and directions for future research","volume":"236","author":"Afenyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Coast Manag"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.12716\/1001.16.02.15","article-title":"Multiple case study of METI cybersecurity education and training: a basis for the development of a guiding framework for educational approaches","volume":"16","author":"Bacasdoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"TransNav"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.12716\/1001.13.01.24","article-title":"Raising awareness on cyber security of ECDIS","volume":"13","author":"Svilicic","year":"2019","journal-title":"TransNav"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-023-00810-y","article-title":"Maritime decision-makers and cyber security: deck officers\u2019 perception of cyber risks towards IT and OT systems","volume":"23","author":"Haugli-Sandvik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Inf Secur"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/20464177.2024.2330176","article-title":"Future of maritime autonomy: cybersecurity, trust and mariner\u2019s situational awareness","volume":"23","author":"Palbar\u00a0Misas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mar Eng Technol"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s13437-021-00235-1","article-title":"COVID-19 digitization in maritime: understanding cyber risks","volume":"20","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"WMU J Marit Aff"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib53","volume-title":"Resolution A.741(18): International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention","author":"IMO","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib54","volume-title":"MSC-FAL.1\/Circ.3\/Rev.3: Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management","author":"IMO","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib55","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows","author":"IBM","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01891203","article-title":"Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality","volume":"2","author":"Royston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505","article-title":"Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians","volume":"10","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib58","volume-title":"Shapiro Wilk Test for Normality","author":"Rehal"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/s2212-5671(15)00123-9","article-title":"How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators","volume":"20","author":"Ursachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Econ Finance"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib60","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics","author":"Field","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Chupkemi","year":"2024","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.2060.v1"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2025.104316","article-title":"Analysis of human reliability in detecting GPS spoofing on ECDIS in congested waterways under evidential reasoning and HEART approach","volume":"151","author":"Kurt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib63","volume-title":"Maritime Cybersecurity: A Guide for Leaders and Managers: Independently Published","author":"Kessler","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104908","article-title":"A novel cyber-risk assessment method for ship systems","volume":"131","author":"Bolbot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"2026052621495791700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8751","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238751","article-title":"Regulatory requirements on the competence of remote operator in maritime autonomous surface ship: situation awareness, ship sense and goal-based gap analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cybersecurity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article-pdf\/12\/1\/tyag015\/68398255\/tyag015.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article-pdf\/12\/1\/tyag015\/68398255\/tyag015.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T01:50:10Z","timestamp":1779846610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/cybsec\/tyag015\/8694750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cybsec\/tyag015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-2085","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-2093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"tyag015"}}