{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:39:39Z","timestamp":1779298779185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cyber Secur"],"DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyw001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]],"date-time":"2016-08-25T21:53:30Z","timestamp":1472162010000},"page":"tyw001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Examining the costs and causes of cyber incidents"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Sasha","family":"Romanosky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ablon L. Heaton P. Lavery D . (2016) Consumer Attitudes Toward Data Breach Notifications and Loss of Personal Information. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/RR1187"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.2","unstructured":"Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) (2012) Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud & Abuse."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.3","first-page":"131","article-title":"Insurability of cyber risk: an empirical analysis","volume":"40","author":"Biener","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Geneva Papers"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.4","unstructured":"BusinessWire (2015) Xerox Reports Second-Quarter 2015 Earnings. http:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20150724005172\/en\/Xerox-Reports-Second-Quarter-2015-Earnings#.Vbk4yWfbK01 (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.5","unstructured":"Comey J. (2013) Confirmation Hearing of James Comey. https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/news\/podcasts\/thisweek\/james-comeys-confirmation-hearing.mp3\/view (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.6","unstructured":"CSIS (2014) Net Losses: Estimating the Global Cost of Cybercrime. Center for Strategic and International Studies."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.7","unstructured":"Cybersource (2013) 2013 Online Fraud Report, Online Payment Fraud Trends, Merchant Practices, and Benchmarks."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards B. Hofmeyr S. Forrest S. (2015) Hype and heavy tails: a closer look at data breaches. Workshop on the Economics of Information Security.","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyw003"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/581271.581274"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Increasing cybersecurity investments in private sector firms","volume":"1","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cybersecurity"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.11","unstructured":"Jacobs J. (2014) Analyzing Ponemon Cost of Data Breach. http:\/\/datadrivensecurity.info\/blog\/posts\/2014\/Dec\/ponemon\/ (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.12","unstructured":"Kays Joseph (2010) Business Expense. Fall 2010."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.13","unstructured":"MarketWatch (2015) Strayer Education, Inc. Reports Second Quarter Revenues and Earnings; and Summer Term 2015 Enrollments. http:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/strayer-education-inc-reports-second-quarter-revenues-and-earnings-and-summer-term-2015-enrollments-2015-07-29 (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.14","unstructured":"Moore Rodney (2013) US hospitals provided $41.1 billion in uncompensated care in 2011, representing 5.9 percent of annual hospital expenses. http:\/\/www.healthcarefinancenews.com\/news\/stopping-rise-hospital-bad-debt-0 (1 August 2016, date last accessed)"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.15","unstructured":"National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAFA) (2010) Testimony of the National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association, to the House Insurance Committee, House of Representatives, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.16","unstructured":"NetDiligence (2014) Cyber Claims Study. NetDiligence."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.17","unstructured":"Nilson Report (2013) Global Credit, Debit, and Prepaid Card Fraud Losses Reach $11.27 Billion in 2012."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.18","unstructured":"Plotkin R. (undated) Sticky Fingers \u2013 Bartender Theft in the New Economy. http:\/\/www.barprofits.com\/pages\/newsletter\/vol2-issue4\/page06.php (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.19","unstructured":"Ponemon (2011) 2011 Cost of Data Breach Study: United States."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.20","unstructured":"Ponemon (2013) 2013 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.21","unstructured":"Ponemon (2014) 2014 Cost of Data Breach Study: United States."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.22","unstructured":"Ponemon (2015) 2015 Cost of Data Breach Study: United States."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.23","unstructured":"Romanosky S. (2015) The high cost of hacks: Is cyber insurance to blame for the increasing cost of data breaches? US News."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jels.12035"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.20567"},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.26","unstructured":"Rowe Megan (2011) 7 Ways to Stem Bar Shrinkage, Restaurant-hospitality.com. http:\/\/restaurant-hospitality.com\/trends\/seven-ways-stem-bar-shrinkage0911 (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."},{"key":"2016082518483507000_tyw001v1.27","unstructured":"White House (2015) FACT SHEET: Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2015\/02\/25\/fact-sheet-cyber-threat-intelligence-integration-center (1 August 2016, date last accessed)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cybersecurity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/2525524\/Examining-the-costs-and-causes-of-cyber-incidents","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T19:50:47Z","timestamp":1568317847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/cybsec\/tyw001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.1093\/cybsec\/tyw001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cybsec\/tyw001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-2085","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-2093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]}}}