{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:59:15Z","timestamp":1787507955612,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":238,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Naval Research under the OSD Minerva program","award":["N00014-17-1-2423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-17-1-2423"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The USA is in the midst of its most resounding policy shift on cyber conflict with profound implications for national security and the future of the Internet. The US Department of Defense (DoD) cyber strategy concludes that since US cyber forces are in \u201cpersistent engagement\u201d with adversaries, then it is an imperative for them to \u201cdefend forward\u201d to \u201ccontinuously contest\u201d them. The implicit prediction is that adversaries will become less effective, forced to expend more resources on defense and rebuild capabilities and infrastructure. John Bolton, the national security advisor, has boasted of a new policy to use offensive cyber operations to impose costs on adversaries and create the frameworks of deterrence. Over time, proponents suggest, these policies will be stabilizing as adversaries engage over repeated engagements in \u201ctacit bargaining\u201d of what is and is not acceptable leading to \u201cmore stable expectations of acceptable and unacceptable behavior\u201d. This article advances existing research by including a deeper discussion the academic and policy background on active defense and cyber deterrence, discussing the implied causal chain of \u201cpersistent- engagement stability theory,\u201d and analyzing potential risks, especially specific feedback loops which may amplify or dampen cyber conflict. It concludes with specific policy solutions to help mitigate these risks and a suggestion for a broader theory, \u201cstability-enhancing engagement theory.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyz008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T14:29:49Z","timestamp":1568125789000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The implications of persistent (and permanent) engagement in cyberspace"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-4418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Healey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019091012561087500_tyz008-B1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Joint Forces Quarterly An Interview with Paul M. 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