{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:08:43Z","timestamp":1780420123171,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":272,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The use of cyber operations as a foreign policy instrument continues to stimulate academic interest towards interstate behavior in this domain. With continued investment in offensive cyber capabilities, there is an urgency to provide both academics and policy-makers with a better grasp of this phenomenon. While the past decade saw the growth of frameworks that highlight systemic and\/or technological factors, this article investigates the role of pre-existing beliefs in the attribution of malicious cyber operations. Through survey experiments, it highlights the phenomenon of seizing and freezing with respect to attributive judgements in response to degradative cyber operations. With respect to theory, the results contribute to the emerging study of the cognitive\u2013affective aspects of cyberspace. As for policy, the results illustrate the potential for biased judgements in response to incidents and reinforces the need to develop mechanisms that minimize its impact on state behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyz012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T02:42:46Z","timestamp":1569897766000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Past behavior and future judgements: seizing and freezing in response to cyber operations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8575-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Alberto","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, Haldeneggsteig 4, Zuerich, 8092, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA584060","volume-title":"Making Strategic Sense of Cyber Power: Why the Sky is not Falling.","author":"Gray","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020762","article-title":"Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles","volume":"118","author":"Kruglanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B3","volume-title":"Perception and Misperception in International Politics","author":"Jervis","year":"1976"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B4","first-page":"96","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology","author":"Chong","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002707304813","article-title":"Identity, power, and threat perception - a cross-national experimental study","volume":"51","author":"Rousseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Confl Resol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/0020-8833.00050","article-title":"Images in international relations: an experimental test of cognitive schemata","volume":"41","author":"Herrmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Stud Quart"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190204792.001.0001","volume-title":"Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System","author":"Valeriano","year":"2015"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190665012.001.0001","volume-title":"The Cybersecurity Dilemma: Hacking, Trust and Fear between Nations","author":"Buchanan","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B9","first-page":"37","article-title":"Thermonuclear cyberwar","volume":"3","author":"Gartzke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cybersecurity"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B10","first-page":"29","article-title":"A research agenda to improve decision making in cyber security policy. Penn State J Law","volume":"5","author":"Dean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Affairs"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190618094.001.0001","volume-title":"Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion","author":"Valeriano","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/09636412.2017.1306396","article-title":"The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace","volume":"26","author":"Borghard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Security Stud"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B13","volume-title":"The Power to Hurt: Coercion in the Modern World","author":"Lindsay","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1162\/ISEC_a_00267","article-title":"What is the cyber offense-defense balance? Conceptions, causes, and assessment","volume":"41","author":"Slayton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Security"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B15","volume-title":"Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar","author":"Libicki","year":"2009"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B16","volume-title":"Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies","author":"Perrow","year":"1984"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/misr.12023","article-title":"From cyber-bombs to political fallout: threat representations with an impact in the cyber-security discourse","volume":"15","author":"Dunn Cavelty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Stud Rev"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13523260.2013.771031","article-title":"Cyber posturing and the offense-defense balance","volume":"34","author":"Saltzman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp Security Pol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.17645\/pag.v6i2.1279","article-title":"Fear, uncertainty, and dread: cognitive heuristics and cyber threats","volume":"6","author":"Gomez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polit Govern"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2307\/3325045","article-title":"Decision-processes for low probability events - policy implications","volume":"8","author":"Camerer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pol Anal Manage"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2006.00753.x","article-title":"Out of the frying pan into the fire: behavioral reactions to terrorist attacks","volume":"26","author":"Gigerenzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2015.1017827","article-title":"Imagining worse than reality: comparing beliefs and intentions between disaster evacuees and survey respondents","volume":"20","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Risk Res"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343313518940","article-title":"The dynamics of cyber conflict between rival antagonists, 2001-11","volume":"51","author":"Valeriano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Peace Res"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/eis.2016.14","article-title":"Unpacking cyberterrorism discourse: specificity, status, and scale in news media constructions of threat","volume":"2","author":"Jarvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Int Security"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xvii","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199760107.001.0001","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology","author":"Huddy","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511757761","volume-title":"Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making","author":"Mintz","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818316000436","article-title":"The micro-foundations of international relations theory: psychology and behavioral economics","volume":"71","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Organ"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B28","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Simple Heuristics That Make us Smart","author":"Goldstein","year":"1999"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809477","volume-title":"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases","author":"Kahneman","year":"1982"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0951692801013001001","article-title":"The psychological ideas of Amos Tversky and their relevance for political science","volume":"13","author":"McDermott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Theor Pol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818305050058","article-title":"Rationality and psychology in international politics","volume":"59","author":"Mercer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Organ"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.000245","article-title":"Invariants of human behavior","volume":"41","author":"Simon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00058.x","article-title":"Why heuristics work","volume":"3","author":"Gigerenzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Persp Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195315448.001.0001","volume-title":"Ecological Rationality: Intelligence in the World","author":"Todd","year":"2012"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B35","first-page":"16","article-title":"Understanding beliefs and threat inflation","volume":"9","author":"Jervis","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation since"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1162\/isec.22.4.5","article-title":"Offense, defense, and the causes of war","volume":"22","author":"Van Evera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Security"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/01402390.2012.663252","article-title":"Cyberwar: a new \u2018absolute weapon\u2019? The proliferation of cyberwarfare capabilities and interstate war","volume":"35","author":"Liff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Strat Stud"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322638111","article-title":"Timing of cyber conflict","volume":"111","author":"Axelrod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B39","first-page":"211","article-title":"The cyber threat to national security: why can't we agree?","author":"Hare","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conference on Cyber Conflict, Proceedings 2010"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/CYCON.2015.7158465","article-title":"Achieving Cyberdeterrence and the Ability of Small States to Hold Large States at Risk","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"2015 7th International Conference on Cyber Conflict - Architectures in Cyberspace (Cycon)"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyber-attacks and psychological IR perspectives: explaining misperceptions and escalation risks","volume":"21","author":"Hansel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Relat Dev"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B42","volume-title":"Talos Intelligence","author":"Rascagneres","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B43","author":"Power"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B44","first-page":"706","article-title":"Believing this and alieving that: theorizing affect and intuitions in international politics","volume":"59","author":"Holmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Stud Quart"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818309990221","article-title":"Emotional beliefs","volume":"64","author":"Mercer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Organ"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0263395716629687","article-title":"Affective values in international relations: theorizing emotional actions and the value of resilience","volume":"36","author":"Roach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Politics"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1177\/1354066110366055","article-title":"Affective attachments and foreign policy: Israel and the 1993 Oslo Accords","volume":"16","author":"Sasley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Int Relat"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/3791437","article-title":"The role of belief systems and schemas in foreign policy decision-making","volume":"15","author":"Larson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pol Psychol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B49","author":"Lane","year":"1962","journal-title":"Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes What he Does"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B50","volume-title":"The Human Basis of the Polity: A Psychological Study of Political Men","author":"Knutson","year":"1972"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805813.009","volume-title":"Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality","author":"Lodge","year":"2000"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511896941.010","volume-title":"Citizens and Politics: Perspectives from Political Psychology","author":"Taber","year":"2001"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/002200275900300204","article-title":"National images and international systems","volume":"3","author":"Boulding","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Confl Resol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/002200276200600306","article-title":"The belief system and national images: a case study","volume":"6","author":"Holsti","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Confl Resol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B55","first-page":"16","article-title":"Cognitive dynamics and images of the enemy","volume":"21","author":"Holsti","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Int Affairs"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2010.00609.x","article-title":"Issue conflict accumulation and the dynamics of strategic rivalry","volume":"54","author":"Dreyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Stud Quart"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2014.32.3.297","article-title":"Perceiving risk in a dangerous world: associations between life experiences and risk perceptions","volume":"32","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Cogn"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.2.263","article-title":"Motivated closing of the mind: \u201cSeizing\u201d and\u201d freezing\u201d","volume":"103","author":"Kruglanski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.2.255","article-title":"Accounting for the effects of accountability","volume":"125","author":"Lerner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00317","article-title":"Intelligence failure and need for cognitive closure: on the psychology of the Yom Kippur surprise","volume":"24","author":"Bar-Joseph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol Psychol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/eis.2019.2","article-title":"Sound the alarm! Updating beliefs and degradative cyber operations","volume":"4","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Int Security"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B62","volume-title":"Yber-Security: Citizen Risk Perception of Cyber-Threats","author":"Kostyuk","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592713001084","article-title":"The cognitive revolution and the political psychology of elite decision making","volume":"11","author":"Hafner-Burton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Persp Pol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.01.006","article-title":"Beyond the Turk: alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research","volume":"70","author":"Peer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57410.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057410","article-title":"Evaluating Amazon's Mechanical Turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research","volume":"8","author":"Crump","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/10.4.319","article-title":"New ideas in experimental political science","volume":"10","author":"Lupia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pol Anal"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002706291052","article-title":"Can we generalize from student experiments to the real world in political science, military affairs, and international relations?","volume":"50","author":"Mintz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Confl Resol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.3.453","article-title":"From power to action","volume":"85","author":"Galinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01824.x","article-title":"Power and perspectives not taken","volume":"17","author":"Galinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2010.01.001","article-title":"Power and loss aversion","volume":"112","author":"Inesi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organiz Behav Human Decis Proc"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381609990806","article-title":"Risk orientations and policy frames","volume":"72","author":"Kam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B73","first-page":"75","article-title":"Attribution of malicious cyber incidents: from soup to nuts","volume-title":"J Int. Aff","author":"Lin","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B74","first-page":"951","article-title":"Invisible digital front: can cyber attacks shape battlefield events?","volume":"45","author":"Kostyuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Confl Resol"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.2307\/2669334","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision making","volume":"45","author":"Lau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pol Sci"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1017\/S002081831600045X","article-title":"No substitute for experience: presidents, advisers, and information in group decision making","volume":"71","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Organ"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00308.x","article-title":"Lay epistemic theory: the motivational, cognitive, and social aspects of knowledge formation","volume":"4","author":"Kruglanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2478.2009.00572.x","article-title":"Disaster, cyber security, and the Copenhagen School","volume":"53","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Stud Quart"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B79","first-page":"451","volume-title":"2013 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict","author":"Iasiello","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B80","article-title":"Cyber Victory: the Efficacy of Cyber Coercion","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2307\/3013944","article-title":"The \u201coperational code\u201d: a neglected approach to the study of political leaders and decision-making","volume":"13","author":"George","year":"1969","journal-title":"Int Stud Quart"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8251-5_10","volume-title":"Attitudinal Judgment","author":"Crocker","year":"1984"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B83","first-page":"137","article-title":"The cognitive perspective in social psychology","volume":"1","author":"Markus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Handbook of Social Psychology"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B84","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Representation of Knowledge in Memory","author":"Ortony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge: Routledge"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B85","author":"Fiske","year":"2013"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B86","author":"Fickling"},{"key":"2019093006314799000_tyz012-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/01402390.2014.977382","article-title":"Attributing cyber attacks","volume":"38","author":"Rid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strat Stud"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cybersecurity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article-pdf\/5\/1\/tyz012\/30076885\/tyz012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T02:43:05Z","timestamp":1569897785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cybersecurity\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/cybsec\/tyz012\/5576447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cybsec\/tyz012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-2085","2057-2093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-2085","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-2093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"article-number":"tyz012"}}