{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:53:45Z","timestamp":1776880425694,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01LM011945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM011945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The discovery of drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) that have a translational impact among in vitro pharmacokinetics (PK), in vivo PK and clinical outcomes depends largely on the quality of the annotated corpus available for text mining. We have developed a new DDI corpus based on an annotation scheme that builds upon and extends previous ones, where an abstract is fragmented and each fragment is then annotated along eight dimensions, namely, focus, polarity, certainty, evidence, directionality, study type, interaction type and mechanism. The guideline for defining these dimensions has undergone refinement during the annotation process. Our DDI corpus comprises 900 positive DDI abstracts and 750 that are not directly relevant to DDI. The abstracts in corpus are separated into eight categories of DDI or non-DDI evidence: DDI with pharmacokinetic (PK) mechanism, in vivo DDI PK, DDI clinical, drug\u2013nutrition interaction, single drug, not drug related, in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) and case report. Seven annotators, three annotators with drug\u2013interaction research experience and four annotators with less drug\u2013interaction research experience independently annotated the DDI corpus, where two researchers independently annotated each abstract. After two rounds of annotations with additional training in between, agreement improved from (0.79, 0.96, 0.86, 0.70, 0.91, 0.65, 0.78, 0.90) to (0.93, 0.99, 0.96, 0.94, 0.95, 0.93, 0.96, 0.97) for focus, certainty, evidence, study type, interaction type, mechanisms, polarity and direction, respectively. The novice-level annotators improved from 0.83 to 0.96, while the expert-level annotators stayed in high performance with some improvement, from 0.90 to 0.96. In summary, we achieved 96% agreement among each pair of annotators with regard to the eight dimensions. The annotated corpus is now available to the community for inclusion in their text-mining pipelines.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Database URL https:\/\/github.com\/zha204\/DDI-Corpus-Database\/tree\/master\/DDI%20corpus<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baac031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T19:14:01Z","timestamp":1651864441000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Translational drug\u2013interaction corpus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gongbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, 101 Smith Hall, 18 Amstel Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics & Computing, Indiana University, 919 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hagit","family":"Shatkay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, 101 Smith Hall, 18 Amstel Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1585 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022052609525448000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.6.735","article-title":"Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and adverse drug reactions in United States hospitals","volume":"26","author":"Bond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2022052609525448000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.06.030","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions as a cause of hospital admissions: a 6-month experience in a single center in Greece","volume":"19","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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