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To this end, we developed DrugCombo, a knowledge base that integrates drug toxicity along with other data for single drugs and drug combinations from various sources. We extracted drug toxicity data from drug labels using the Microsoft Research Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining (MSR BiomedBERT) and manually from PubMed. DrugCombo is the first such database to contain crucial data, such as maximum tolerable dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and dose range, for Phase I clinical trial design as well as pharmacokinetics evidence of drug interaction among cancer drugs. Currently, DrugCombo has integrated 8797 drug interactions from DrugBank; 3995 severe adverse drug events (ADEs) and 95\u2009535 common ADEs from drug labels; 1\u2009816\u2009030 ADEs from United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System; and MTD and DLTs from 2592 Phase I trials. Using these data, we retrospectively investigated a Phase I trial of axitinib and nivolumab in 12 patients. Exploring the toxicity profile of each drug, we recognized that the initial study design may have overlooked overlap toxicity between them, leading to possibly excessive starting doses and dose ranges of axitinib and nivolumab. DrugCombo provides a comprehensive resource of toxicity data that will assist researchers designing Phase I trials in selecting appropriate starting doses and dose ranges for successful outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Database URL: http:\/\/drugcombo.info\/<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaf043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T14:27:15Z","timestamp":1758810435000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DrugCombo: an informatics bridge for anticancer drug combination Phase I trial design"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1904-1737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children\u2019s Hospital Department of Pediatrics, , 2101 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Naleef","family":"Fareed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Williams","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , 410 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The Ohio State University Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, , 410 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Dwight","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, , 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0572-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine , 410 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine Department Biostatistics and Health Data Sciences, , 410 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Suyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Biostatistics, , 7007 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Shendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Xiaofu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics, , 1800 Cannon Drive Columbus, OH 43210 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0746-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine Department of 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