{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T23:52:22Z","timestamp":1778025142482,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sheep (Ovis aries) represent one of the most important livestock species for global animal protein and wool production. However, little is known about the genetic and biological basis of ovine phenotypes, particularly those with high economic value and environmental impact. Here, by integrating 1413 RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) samples from 51 distinct tissues across 14 developmental time points, representing early-prenatal, late-prenatal, neonatal, lamb, juvenile, adult, and elderly stages, we constructed a high-resolution Developmental Gene Expression Atlas (dGEA) in sheep. We observed dynamic patterns of gene expression and regulatory networks across tissues and developmental stages. Leveraging this resource to interpret genetic associations for 48 monogenic and 12 complex traits in sheep, we found that genes upregulated at prenatal developmental stages played more important roles in shaping these phenotypes than those upregulated at postnatal stages. For instance, genetic associations of crimp number, mean staple length (MSL), and individual birthweight were significantly enriched in the prenatal rather than postnatal skin and immune tissues. By comprehensively integrating genome-wide association study (GWAS) fine-mapping results with the sheep dGEA, we identified several candidate genes for complex traits in sheep, such as SOX9 for MSL, GNRHR for litter size at birth, and PRKDC for live weight. These results provide novel insights into the developmental and molecular architecture of ovine phenotypes. The dGEA (https:\/\/sheepdgea.njau.edu.cn\/) will serve as an invaluable resource for sheep developmental biology, genetics, genomics, and selective breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T02:22:06Z","timestamp":1741141326000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Developmental Gene Expression Atlas Reveals Novel Biological Basis of Complex Phenotypes in Sheep"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0140-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingru","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6211-3834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanpeng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences , Urumqi 830011,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4729-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9550-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily L","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Midlothian, EH25 9RG,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4965-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Paul","family":"Dalrymple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture, St Lucia, QLD 4067,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,","place":["Australia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V Hutton","family":"Oddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Department of Primary Industries, Livestock Industries Centre, University of New England , Armidale, NSW 2351,","place":["Australia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3061-1908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip E","family":"Vercoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,","place":["Australia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5863-5744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuiling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang \/ International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-border Pest in Central Asia College of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University , Urumqi 830053,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George E","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA , Beltsville, MD 20705,","place":["USA"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1389-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong-jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA , Beltsville, MD 20705,","place":["USA"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruidong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences , Bundoora, VIC 3083,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Cambridge-Baker Systems Genomics Initiative, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, VIC 3004,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture, St Lucia, QLD 4067,","place":["Australia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4964-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kechuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institue of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan 250032,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingzhao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics (QGG), Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus,","place":["Denmark"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025070603463792500_qzaf020-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252806","article-title":"The sheep genome illuminates biology of the rumen and lipid metabolism","volume":"344","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025070603463792500_qzaf020-B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"ABE-induced\u00a0PDGFD\u00a0start codon silencing unveils new insights into the genetic architecture of sheep fat tails","volume":"8527","author":"Kalds","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics"},{"key":"2025070603463792500_qzaf020-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.276769.122","article-title":"Genomic analyses of wild argali, domestic sheep, and their hybrids provide insights into chromosome evolution, phenotypic variation, and germplasm innovation","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2025070603463792500_qzaf020-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16485-1","article-title":"Whole-genome resequencing of wild and domestic sheep identifies genes associated with morphological and agronomic 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