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In this study, we present the T-cell receptor\u2013antigen interaction database (TRAIT), a comprehensive database that profiles the interactions between TCRs and antigens. TRAIT stands out due to its comprehensive description of TCR\u2013antigen interactions by integrating sequences, structures, and affinities. It provides millions of experimentally validated TCR\u2013antigen pairs, resulting in an exhaustive landscape of antigen-specific TCRs. Notably, TRAIT emphasizes single-cell omics as a major reliable data source for TCR\u2013antigen interactions and includes millions of reliable non-interactive TCRs. Additionally, it thoroughly demonstrates the interactions between mutations of TCRs and antigens, thereby benefiting affinity optimization of engineered TCRs as well as vaccine design. TCRs on clinical trials are innovatively provided. With the significant efforts made toward elucidating the complex interactions between TCRs and antigens, TRAIT is expected to ultimately contribute superior algorithms and substantial advancements in the field of T-cell-based immunotherapies. TRAIT is freely accessible at https:\/\/pgx.zju.edu.cn\/traitdb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T10:23:06Z","timestamp":1745230986000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["TRAIT: A Comprehensive Database for T-cell Receptor\u2013antigen Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2166-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0194-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingcheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1503-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengzuo","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0643-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yichang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0152-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1834-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8069-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0792-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121705423698600_qzaf033-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141036","article-title":"Molecular 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