{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:06:05Z","timestamp":1772183165167,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overweight-related hypertension (OrH), defined by the coexistence of excess body weight and hypertension (HTN), is an increasing health concern elevating cardiovascular disease risks. In this study, we evaluated the prediction performance of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and methylation risk scores (MRSs) for OrH in 7605 Chinese participants from two cohorts: the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the National Survey of Physical Traits (NSPT). In the CAS cohort, which predominantly consists of academics, males showed significantly higher prevalence of obesity, HTN, and OrH, along with worse metabolic syndrome indicators, compared to females. This disparity was less pronounced in the NSPT cohort and in broader Chinese epidemiological studies. Among ten PRS methods, PRS-CSx was the most effective, enhancing prediction accuracy for obesity [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.75], HTN (AUC = 0.74), and OrH (AUC = 0.75), compared to baseline models using only age and sex (AUC = 0.55\u20130.71). Similarly, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-based MRS models improved prediction accuracy for obesity (AUC = 0.70), HTN (AUC = 0.73), and OrH (AUC = 0.78). Combining PRS and MRS further boosted prediction accuracy, achieving AUC values of 0.77, 0.76, and 0.80 for obesity, HTN, and OrH, respectively. These models stratified individuals into high (&amp;gt; 0.6) or low (&amp;lt; 0.1) risk categories, covering 59.95% for obesity, 31.75% for HTN, and 43.89% for OrH. Our findings highlight a higher OrH risk among male academics, emphasize the influence of metabolic and lifestyle factors on MRS predictions, and highlight the value of multi-omics approaches in enhancing risk stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T14:01:41Z","timestamp":1750946501000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Integrative Polygenic and Epigenetic Risk Score for Overweight-related Hypertension in Chinese Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaning","family":"Zhang (\u5f20\u4e9a\u5b81)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , Zhengzhou 450046,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwen","family":"Zheng (\u90d1\u542f\u6587)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Center for Bioinformation , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8797-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qili","family":"Qian (\u94b1\u5176\u6ea7)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Yuan (\u82d1\u5a1c)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Center for Bioinformation , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7401-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianzi","family":"Liu (\u5218\u5929\u8d44)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingjian","family":"Gao (\u9ad8\u884c\u5065)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Center for Bioinformation , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital , Nanjing 210002,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8590-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiu","family":"Fan (\u51e1\u79c0)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Center for Bioinformation , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youkun","family":"Bi (\u6bd5\u53cb\u5764)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8626-3490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangju","family":"Ji (\u59ec\u5e7f\u805a)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , Zhengzhou 450046,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4523-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peilin","family":"Jia (\u8d3e\u4f69\u6797)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Center for Bioinformation , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6961-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijia","family":"Wang (\u6c6a\u601d\u4f73)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9241-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Liu (\u5218\u51e1)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences , Riyadh 12271,","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0037-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changqing","family":"Zeng (\u66fe\u957f\u9752)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , Zhengzhou 450046,","place":["China"]},{"name":"China National Center for Bioinformation , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101,","place":["China"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049,","place":["China"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B1","first-page":"757540","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of obesity-related hypertension","volume":"2013","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.3.807","article-title":"Overweight and hypertension: a 2-way street?","volume":"35","author":"Julius","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.16.1867","article-title":"Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience","volume":"162","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12049","article-title":"Obesity-related hypertension: pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and treatment: a position paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Landsberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-8-51","article-title":"Blood pressure control and components of the metabolic syndrome: the GOOD survey","volume":"8","author":"Zidek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.06.005","article-title":"10 years of GWAS discovery: biology, function, and translation","volume":"101","author":"Visscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100727","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100727","article-title":"Ten years of EWAS","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1005","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1120","article-title":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog of published genome-wide association studies, targeted arrays and summary statistics 2019","volume":"47","author":"Buniello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D977","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1010","article-title":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog: knowledgebase and deposition resource","volume":"51","author":"Sollis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1514-1","article-title":"Epigenetic prediction of complex traits and death","volume":"19","author":"McCartney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.12.014","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of BMI in nine cohorts: examining the utility of epigenetically predicted BMI","volume":"110","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01679-x","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of epigenome-wide DNA methylation reveals novel loci associated with BMI change in East Asians","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62674-4","article-title":"DNA methylation and body-mass index: a genome-wide analysis","volume":"383","author":"Dick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20784","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association study of body mass index, and the adverse outcomes of adiposity","volume":"541","author":"Wahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01162-x","article-title":"Impact of BMI and waist circumference on epigenome-wide DNA methylation and identification of epigenetic biomarkers in blood: an EWAS in multi-ethnic Asian individuals","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.09.028","article-title":"DNA methylation analysis identifies loci for blood pressure regulation","volume":"101","author":"Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3405","article-title":"Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation","volume":"47","author":"Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19953","article-title":"Association between DNA methylation and blood pressure: a 5-year longitudinal twin study","volume":"80","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22222","article-title":"Stepping into retirement: a postcard from the threshold","volume":"71","author":"Hoyt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12228-z","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of DNA methylation QTLs in whole blood highlights pathways for cardiovascular disease","volume":"10","author":"Huan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68671","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68671","article-title":"Epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and coronary heart disease: a nested case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.20864","article-title":"DNA methylation of birthweight-blood pressure genes and changes of blood pressure in response to weight-loss diets in the POUNDS Lost trial","volume":"80","author":"Kou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03243-6","article-title":"Improving reporting standards for polygenic scores in risk prediction studies","volume":"591","author":"Wand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0353-1","article-title":"Tutorial: a guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-02855-7","article-title":"An overview of DNA methylation-derived trait score methods and applications","volume":"24","author":"Nabais","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in \u223c 700000 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"27","author":"Yengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11560","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411560","article-title":"Development of a polygenic risk score for BMI to assess the genetic susceptibility to obesity and related diseases in the Korean population","volume":"24","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14973","article-title":"Identification, heritability, and relation with gene expression of novel DNA methylation loci for blood pressure","volume":"76","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0262-3","article-title":"An epigenetic score for BMI based on DNA methylation correlates with poor physical health and major disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort","volume":"43","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.05.014","article-title":"Improving phenotypic prediction by combining genetic and epigenetic associations","volume":"97","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x","article-title":"Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41819-0","article-title":"Combining Asian and European genome-wide association studies of colorectal cancer improves risk prediction across racial and ethnic populations","volume":"14","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1882","article-title":"Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program","volume":"288","author":"Whelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6665407","article-title":"Prediction of individual genetic risk to disease from genome-wide association studies","volume":"17","author":"Wray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.11.001","article-title":"Making the most of clumping and thresholding for polygenic scores","volume":"105","author":"Priv\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","article-title":"Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.09.001","article-title":"Modeling linkage disequilibrium increases accuracy of polygenic risk scores","volume":"97","author":"Vilhj\u00e1lmsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1029","article-title":"LDpred2: better, faster, stronger","volume":"36","author":"Priv\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22050","article-title":"Polygenic scores via penalized regression on summary statistics","volume":"41","author":"Mak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01054-7","article-title":"Improving polygenic prediction in ancestrally diverse populations","volume":"54","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01501-z","article-title":"A new method for multiancestry polygenic prediction improves performance across diverse populations","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01036-9","article-title":"Leveraging fine-mapping and multipopulation training data to improve cross-population polygenic risk scores","volume":"54","author":"Weissbrod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59243-x","article-title":"JointPRS: a data-adaptive framework for multi-population genetic risk prediction incorporating genetic correlation","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47357-7","article-title":"An ensemble penalized regression method for multi-ancestry polygenic risk prediction","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00698-x","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00045-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15238","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15.8 million adults","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206492","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension subtypes in 2011 and the trends from 1991 to 2011 among Chinese adults","volume":"70","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2015","key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032380","article-title":"Status of hypertension in China: results from the China Hypertension Survey, 2012","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e639\u201349","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30145-6","article-title":"E-cigarette use among adults in China: findings from repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2015\u201316 and 2018\u201319","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e034288","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034288","article-title":"Income-related inequities of adult obesity and central obesity in China: evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997\u20132011","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq428","article-title":"Cross-national comparisons of time trends in overweight inequality by socioeconomic status among women using repeated cross-sectional surveys from 37 developing countries, 1989\u20132007","volume":"173","author":"Jones-Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001296","article-title":"The underweight\/overweight household: an exploration of household sociodemographic and dietary factors in China","volume":"5","author":"Doak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602853","article-title":"Under- and overnutrition dynamics in Chinese children and adults (1991\u20132004)","volume":"62","author":"Dearth-Wesley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803416","article-title":"Trends in the distribution of body mass index among Chinese adults, aged 20\u201345 years (1989\u20132000)","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602849","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between occupational and domestic physical activity patterns and body weight in China","volume":"62","author":"Monda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.134","article-title":"Emerging disparities in overweight by educational attainment in Chinese adults (1989\u20132006)","volume":"36","author":"Jones-Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00798-4","article-title":"Body-mass index and obesity in urban and rural China: findings from consecutive nationally representative surveys during 2004\u201318","volume":"398","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102359","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1102359","article-title":"Impact of educational attainment and economic globalization on obesity in adult females and males: empirical evidence from BRICS economies","volume":"11","author":"Sart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100884","article-title":"Do associations between education and obesity vary depending on the measure of obesity used? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Witkam","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.881S","article-title":"Independent effects of income and education on the risk of obesity in the Brazilian adult population","volume":"131","author":"Monteiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20286","article-title":"Independent associations of education, intelligence, and cognition with hypertension and the mediating effects of cardiometabolic risk factors: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e073749","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073749","article-title":"Educational inequalities in mortality and their mediators among generations across four decades: nationwide, population based, prospective cohort study based on the ChinaHEART project","volume":"382","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21909","article-title":"The epigenomic analysis of human obesity","volume":"25","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.01.035","article-title":"Why have physical activity levels declined among Chinese adults? Findings from the 1991\u20132006 China Health and Nutrition Surveys","volume":"68","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.638","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and association between body mass index and different aspects of lifestyle in medical sciences students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Aslani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad111","article-title":"Sex differences in cause-specific mortality: regional trends in seven European countries, 1996\u20132019","volume":"33","author":"Sauerberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.054","article-title":"Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models","volume":"182","author":"Qing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055484","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular health through young adulthood with genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in midlife: the CARDIA Study","volume":"146","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00465-w","article-title":"DNA methylation-based predictors of health: applications and statistical considerations","volume":"23","author":"Yousefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0356","article-title":"Association between the metabolically healthy obese phenotype and the risk of myocardial infarction: results from the Kailuan study","volume":"179","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.05.017","article-title":"Hypertension in overweight and obese primary care patients is highly prevalent and poorly controlled","volume":"17","author":"Bramlage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.77818","article-title":"Contribution of body mass index stratification for the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15278","article-title":"On the definition of dermatological disease. Part 2: approaches for defining dermatological diseases","volume":"47","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab213","article-title":"Adherence to healthy lifestyle and attenuation of biological aging in middle-aged and older Chinese adults","volume":"76","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows\u2013Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.806","article-title":"A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data","volume":"43","author":"DePristo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq603","article-title":"ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2019.07.002","article-title":"Whole genome analyses of Chinese population and de novo assembly of a northern Han genome","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000529","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000529","article-title":"A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies","volume":"5","author":"Howie","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"1000 Genomes Project Consortium","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15394","article-title":"An integrated map of structural variation in 2504 human genomes","volume":"526","author":"Sudmant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx513","article-title":"ChAMP: updated methylation analysis pipeline for Illumina BeadChips","volume":"33","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxj037","article-title":"Adjusting batch effects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayes methods","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034","article-title":"The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments","volume":"28","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2018-0037","article-title":"A novel cell-type deconvolution algorithm reveals substantial contamination by immune cells in saliva, buccal and cervix","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0248-z","article-title":"An atlas of genetic associations in UK Biobank","volume":"50","author":"Canela-Xandri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0047-6","article-title":"Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in the Japanese population links cell types to complex human diseases","volume":"50","author":"Kanai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3951","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 112 new loci for body mass index in the Japanese population","volume":"49","author":"Akiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2021.08.001","article-title":"The Genome Sequence Archive Family: toward explosive data growth and diverse data types","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics, Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026022615561835300_qzaf048-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"qzaf010","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf010","article-title":"The updated Genome Warehouse: enhancing data value, security, and usability to address data expansion","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Genomics, Proteomics &amp; Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf048\/63501666\/qzaf048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/article-pdf\/23\/5\/qzaf048\/63501666\/qzaf048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/article-pdf\/23\/5\/qzaf048\/63501666\/qzaf048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:56:35Z","timestamp":1772139395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf048\/8164098"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yajie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf048","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.13.25320495","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1672-0229","2210-3244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1672-0229","type":"print"},{"value":"2210-3244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"article-number":"qzaf048"}}