{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:44:46Z","timestamp":1761324286465},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Capturing affective response to valent stimuli using eye tracking is of interest not only to academic research but also to commercial equipment developers (e.g. car dashboards). In order to investigate whether a low-cost eye tracker can effectively detect participants\u2019 physiological response to negatively valent stimuli, 44 participants aged 19\u201324 (mean\u00a0=\u00a024.7, SD\u00a0=\u00a05.8) were recruited to complete the visual backward masking paradigm in a repeated-measure experimental design. Saccadic duration and pupil sizes were recorded using a lower-end 60-Hz tracker. Data was analysed using a mix of parametric and non-parametric tests. Our results suggest that valence in the form of fearful vs neutral faces has a significant main effect on both saccadic duration [V\u00a0=\u00a0931, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001, d\u00a0=\u00a00.96] and pupil size [t(43)\u00a0=\u00a029.81, P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001, d\u00a0=\u00a03.91)]. Our findings were further supported by Bayes factor analysis, which showed that saccadic duration data was 24 times more likely to occur, and pupil size measurement data was 89 times more likely, under the alternative hypothesis, showing that differences in valence had a main effect. The combined evidence produced by our Bayesian analysis, the large effect sizes of our frequentist analysis and the significant effect on two separate measurements lead us to suggest that, under the right conditions, low-cost eye trackers can successfully detect changes in saccadic duration and pupil sizes as a result of physiological responses to threat-relevant visual stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwaa010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T19:15:51Z","timestamp":1588101351000},"page":"132-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Can a Low-Cost Eye Tracker Assess the Impact of a Valent Stimulus? A Study Replicating the Visual Backward Masking Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Dimitris D","family":"Vlastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u039a\u03c5\u03a8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 Research Center, SCG-Scientific College of Greece Pindarou 14A & Solonos 16, Kolonaki, 106 73, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markos","family":"Kyritsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henley Business School, Business Informatics Systems and Accounting, Informatics Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UD, Berkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki-Alexia","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Psychiatry and Neurology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilisis Sofias 72, 115 28, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R","family":"Gulliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henley Business School, Business Informatics Systems and Accounting, Informatics Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UD, Berkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afroditi","family":"Papaioannou-Spiroulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, \u039a\u03c5\u03a8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 Research Center, SCG-Scientific College of Greece Pindarou 14A & Solonos 16, Kolonaki, 106 73, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020081310163852400_ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sampling frequency and eye-tracking measures: how speed affects durations, latencies, and more","volume-title":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","author":"Andersson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020081310163852400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2007.10.011","article-title":"Real-time classification of evoked emotions using facial feature tracking and physiological responses","volume":"66","author":"Bailenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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