{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:50:55Z","timestamp":1777949455846,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Computational thinking is an ability that has been considered essential for people living in a society mediated by technology. This ability can also be helpful to people with little or no experience with technology, for practicing basic Computational Thinking skills may help understanding how a technological device works and can be used. However, to the best of our knowledge, little research has addressed Computational Thinking and its relation with Digital Culture, especially for reducing the digital divide. In this article, we draw on the notion of Mental Models to relate Computational Thinking and Digital Culture. We claim that practicing basic Computational Thinking skills when exploring simple prototypes favors building Mental Models that are useful to understand and progress in the usage of technologies, contributing to developing a Digital Culture. To situate our discussion, we present a case study that engaged adults, in their initial stages of literacy, in activities that grew from basic ones, with a low-fidelity ATM prototype, to more complex ones with a functional ATM prototype. Evaluation methods used were voting, feedback, structured observation and unstructured interviews. Results suggested our approach is promising as participants gained confidence and increased autonomy as the activities progressed, using the experience and knowledge they obtained from previous activities to perform the next ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwac028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T20:37:07Z","timestamp":1663015027000},"page":"91-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Computational Thinking and Mental Models: Promoting Digital Culture in the Youth and Adult Education"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Julia S B","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics , Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), 82590-300 Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics , Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), 82590-300 Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krissia","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics , Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), 82590-300 Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics , Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), 82590-300 Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"De\u00f3genes","family":"Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics , Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), 82590-300 Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics , Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), 82590-300 Curitiba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref1","volume-title":"I GranD IHC-BR\u2014Grand Research Challenges in Human\u2013Computer Interaction in Brazil","author":"Baranauskas","year":"2015"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3457778","article-title":"Being Socially Aware in Technology Design","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Baranauskas","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1145\/1929887.1929905","article-title":"Bringing computational thinking to K-12: what is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community","volume":"2","author":"Barr","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Inroads"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref4","volume-title":"Research in Education","author":"Best","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-1916.110300","article-title":"Pensamento computacional e o ensino de matem\u00e1tica no Brasil: um mapeamento sistem\u00e1tico","volume":"18","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"RENOTE"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref6","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the Oppressed","author":"Freire","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0378-8_3","article-title":"Knowing by Doing: Action Research as an Approach to HCI","volume-title":"Ways of Knowing in HCI","author":"Hayes","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025765","article-title":"What is Interaction?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Hornb\u00e6k","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref9","volume-title":"Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic\u00edlios Cont\u00ednua (PNAD Cont\u00ednua)","author":"IBGE","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091910475289800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.5753\/cbie.wcbie.2017.804","article-title":"Redimensionamento da Computa\u00e7\u00e3o em Processo de Ensino na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica: O Pensamento Computacional, o Universo e a Cultura Digital","volume":"6","author":"Leite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Inform\u00e1tica na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41979-020-00030-2","volume-title":"Computational Thinking Is More About Thinking Than Computing","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/3231587","article-title":"Do we really need computational thinking","volume":"62","author":"Nardelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref13","volume-title":"Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking","author":"National Research Council","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091910475289800_ref14","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Pensamento Computacional na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o de Jovens e Adultos: Li\u00e7\u00f5es Aprendidas","volume":"5","author":"Ortiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Inform\u00e1tica na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14210\/jcthink.v3.n1.p95","article-title":"Ten years of initiatives to promote computational thinking: a systematic mapping study","volume":"3","author":"Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Think."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091910475289800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.5753\/cbie.sbie.2019.1241","article-title":"Pensamento Computacional e Cultura Digital: Discuss\u00f5es Sobre uma Pr\u00e1tica para o Letramento Digital","volume":"30","author":"Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Symposium on Computers in Education (Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Inform\u00e1tica na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o-SBIE)"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref17","first-page":"52","article-title":"Computational Thinking for Youth and Adults Education: Towards a Socially Aware Model","volume-title":"Anais dos Workshops do IX Congresso Brasileiro de Inform\u00e1tica na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Ortiz","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref18","volume-title":"Mindstorms Children. Computers and Powerful Ideas","author":"Papert","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref19","volume-title":"Simon Holland et Tom Carey. Human\u2013Computer Interaction","author":"Preece","year":"1994"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref20","article-title":"Curr\u00edculo de Refer\u00eancia em Tecnologia e Computa\u00e7\u00e3o: da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Infantil ao Ensino Fundamental","volume-title":"Centro de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o para a Educa\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica-CIEB","author":"Raabe","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023091910475289800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-008-9102-8","article-title":"Guidelines for Conducting and Reporting Case Study Research in Software Engineering","volume":"14","author":"Runeson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Empirical Software Engineering"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref22","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Grand Challenges in Computer Science Research in Brazil\u20142006\u20132016","author":"SBC","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref23","first-page":"41","article-title":"Um Mapeamento de Recursos para Desenvolvimento do Pensamento Computacional","volume-title":"Anais do VI Congresso sobre Tecnologias na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Silva","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79061-9_1916","article-title":"Natural Observation","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development","author":"Sparling","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref25","article-title":"Universal Design Handbook","volume-title":"Principles of Universal Design","author":"Story","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/3265747","article-title":"From computational thinking to computational action","volume":"62","author":"Tissenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref27","article-title":"A leitura liter\u00e1ria de mulheres na EJA","author":"do Valle, M. C. A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref28","first-page":"864","article-title":"Integra\u00e7\u00e3o do pensamento computacional no curr\u00edculo da educa\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica: diferentes estrat\u00e9gias usadas e quest\u00f5es de forma\u00e7\u00e3o de professores e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do aluno","volume":"14","author":"Valente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista E-curriculum"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref29","first-page":"375","article-title":"Pensamento Computacional no Ensino Fundamental: um Mapeamento Sistem\u00e1tico","volume-title":"XXIII Congreso Internacional de Inform\u00e1tica Educativa","author":"Werlich","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215","article-title":"Computational thinking","volume":"49","author":"Wing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"2023091910475289800_ref31","volume-title":"Case Study Research: Design and Methods","author":"Yin","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Interacting with Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/35\/2\/91\/51667488\/iwac028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/35\/2\/91\/51667488\/iwac028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T10:49:02Z","timestamp":1695120542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article\/35\/2\/91\/6753896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iwc\/iwac028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-5438","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-7951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]}}}