{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:36:24Z","timestamp":1780407384426,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The idea of target expansion was proposed two decades ago for manual target acquisition, but it is not feasible to implement this idea in traditional user interfaces as the interactive system cannot know exactly which target is the desired one and should be expanded among several candidates. With the increasing maturity of eye tracking technology, gaze input has moved from an academically promising technique to an input method with built-in support in Windows 10; and target expansion has already become very feasible in the context of gaze input, as the user\u2019s eye gaze is inherently an indicator of the desired target due to the natural eye-hand coordination in everyday tasks. However, a comprehensive evaluation is still lacking. In this study, two experiments were conducted, each with a different group of subjects, to investigate the effects of target expansion under different expansion feedback styles (visible vs. invisible), expansion factors, as well as different target appearances (i.e., circular vs. rectangular). The experimental results indicated that (1) the index of difficulty in eye pointing tasks (IDeye) does not depend on the initial size of the target, but on its final size, and that the corresponding human performance can be accurately predicted using the IDeye model instead of Fitts\u2019 law; and that (2) the visible expansion style could disrupt the user\u2019s fixations, making the measured human performance less efficient to some extent, but overall the theoretical predictions using the IDeye model were almost the same as the baselines. Following the experimental results, this study also provided some practical suggestions for UI design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwae004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T19:07:50Z","timestamp":1709147270000},"page":"209-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating Target Expansion for Eye Pointing Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Xinyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information , Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Accot","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref2","first-page":"203","article-title":"Efficient eye pointing with a fisheye lens","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2005","author":"Ashmore","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1145\/638249.638272","article-title":"Zooming interfaces! Enhancing the performance of eye controlled pointing devices","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies","author":"Bates","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1145\/1385569.1385592","article-title":"Starburst: a target expansion algorithm for non-uniform target distributions","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","author":"Baudisch","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref5","first-page":"360","article-title":"Eyes at the interface","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Bolt","year":"1982"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3379155.3391322","article-title":"Bubble gaze cursor + bubble gaze lens: applying area cursor technique to eye-gaze interface","volume-title":"ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","author":"Choi","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref7","first-page":"81","article-title":"Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion","volume-title":"GI \u201906 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006","author":"Cockburn","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74800-7_43","article-title":"Interacting with the computer using gaze gestures","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction \u2013 INTERACT 2007","author":"Drewes","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025599","article-title":"Toward everyday gaze input: accuracy and precision of eye tracking and implications for design","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Feit","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3448017.3457379","article-title":"Hgaze typing: head-gesture assisted gaze typing","volume-title":"ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","author":"Feng","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294253","article-title":"Automatically generating user interfaces adapted to users' motor and vision capabilities","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Gajos","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173770","article-title":"The perils of confounding factors: how Fitts' law experiments can lead to false conclusions","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Gori","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1145\/1054972.1055012","article-title":"The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Grossman","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref14","first-page":"9","article-title":"Object pointing: a complement to bitmap pointing in guis","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2004","author":"Guiard","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/2598153.2598178","article-title":"Static voronoi-based target expansion technique for distant pointing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","author":"Guillon","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref16","first-page":"121","article-title":"Command without a click: dwell time typing by mouse and gaze selections","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Hansen","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195487","article-title":"Cleaning up systematic error in eye-tracking data by using required fixation locations","volume":"34","author":"Hornof","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1826190","article-title":"Comparison of eye-based and controller-based selection in virtual reality","volume":"37","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3588015.3588409","article-title":"Gaze-based mode-switching to enhance interaction with menus on tablets","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","author":"Hu, Fleischhauer","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref20","article-title":"Effects of target expansion on selection performance in older computer users","volume-title":"ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 5. Article 1","author":"Hwang","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168602","article-title":"Gaze gestures or dwell-based interaction?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","author":"Hyrskykari","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3204493.3204532","article-title":"Dwell time reduction technique using Fitts' law for gaze-based target acquisition","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Isomoto","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref23","article-title":"Exploring dwell-time from human cognitive processes for dwell selection","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.","author":"Isomoto","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1145\/123078.128728","article-title":"The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get","volume":"9","author":"Jacob","year":"1991","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3229434.3229452","article-title":"The past, present, and future of gaze-enabled handheld mobile devices: survey and lessons learned","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services","author":"Khamis","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1145\/3379337.3415871","article-title":"Modeling two dimensional touch pointing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Ko","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1145\/1570433.1570470","article-title":"Input evaluation of an eye-gaze-guided interface: Kalman filter vs. velocity threshold eye movement identification","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems","author":"Koh","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref28","first-page":"679","article-title":"Kalman filtering in the design of eye-gaze-guided computer interfaces","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Intelligent Multimodal Interaction Environments","author":"Komogortsev","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/1344471.1344488","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of gaze input for interaction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Kumar","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240692","article-title":"Eyepoint: practical pointing and selection using gaze and keyboard","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Kumar","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240724","article-title":"Endpoint prediction using motion kinematics","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Lank","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1145\/355017.355021","article-title":"Effective eye-gaze input into windows","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Lankford","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref33","first-page":"166","article-title":"Effects of user age and target-expansion methods on target-acquisition tasks using a mouse","volume-title":"Applied Ergonomics","author":"Lee","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3530882","article-title":"Exploring gaze for assisting freehand selection-based text entry in ar","author":"Lystb\u00e6k","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 6"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0701_3","article-title":"Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction","volume":"7","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum.-Comput. Interact"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142794","article-title":"Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/968363.968390","article-title":"Effects of feedback on eye typing with a short dwell time","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Majaranta","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503388","article-title":"Acquisition of expanding targets","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"McGuffin","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1145\/1121112.1121115","article-title":"Fitts' law and expanding targets: experimental studies and designs for user interfaces","volume":"12","author":"McGuffin","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1145\/633292.633496","article-title":"Application of Fitts' law to eye gaze interaction","volume-title":"CHI \u201900 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Miniotas","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986037","article-title":"Eye gaze interaction with expanding targets","volume-title":"CHI \u201904 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Miniotas","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3206343.3206347","article-title":"Context switching eye typing using dynamic expanding targets","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Communication by Gaze Interaction","author":"Morimoto","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025517","article-title":"Improving dwell-based gaze typing with dynamic, cascading dwell times","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Mott","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.10.019","article-title":"Extended Fitts' model of pointing time in eye-gaze input system - incorporating effects of target shape and movement direction into modeling","volume":"68","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3448018.3457998","article-title":"Pinch, click, or dwell: comparing different selection techniques for eye-gaze-based pointing in virtual reality","volume-title":"ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","author":"Mutasim","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1145\/3025171.3025202","article-title":"Optidwell: intelligent adjustment of dwell click time","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","author":"Nayyar","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984514","article-title":"Gaze and touch interaction on tablets","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Pfeuffer","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1145\/1743666.1743741","article-title":"Cecursor, a contextual eye cursor for general pointing in windows environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Porta","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3204493.3208344","article-title":"A gaze gesture-based paradigm for situational impairments, accessibility, and rich interactions","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Rajanna","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967840","article-title":"Does fatigue exist in a quantitative measurement of eye movements?","volume":"35","author":"Saito","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300765","article-title":"An explanation of Fitts' law-like performance in gaze-based selection tasks using a psychophysics approach","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Schuetz","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2011.563801","article-title":"Evaluating gaze-based interface tools to facilitate point-and-select tasks with small targets","volume":"30","author":"Skovsgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.09.001","article-title":"Towards a standard for pointing device evaluation, perspectives on 27 years of Fitts' law research in HCI","volume":"61","author":"Soukoreff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref54","first-page":"135","article-title":"Dynamic target expansion to facilitate eye-based pointing at menus","volume":"34","author":"Spakov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inform. Technol. Contr."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref55","first-page":"467","article-title":"Selection by looking: a novel computer interface and its application to psychological research","volume-title":"Eye Movement Research","author":"Stampe","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1145\/1008722.1008726","article-title":"Gazing and frowning as a new human-computer interaction technique","volume":"1","author":"Surakka","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2015.11.009","article-title":"An advanced kalman filter for gaze tracking signal","volume":"25","author":"Toivanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Contr."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1145\/1452392.1452443","article-title":"A Fitts' law comparison of eye tracking and manual input in the selection of visual targets","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces","author":"Vertegaal","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168616","article-title":"Comparison of eye movement filters used in HCI","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"Spakov","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581423","article-title":"A Fitts' law study of gaze-hand alignment for selection in 3D user interfaces","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Wagner","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref61","first-page":"183","article-title":"An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input","volume-title":"SIGCHI Bull","author":"Ware","year":"1987"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006","article-title":"Characterizing computer input with Fitts' law parameters\u2013the information and non-information aspects of pointing","volume":"61","author":"Zhai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref63","first-page":"177","article-title":"Human on-line response to target expansion","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhai","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303053","article-title":"Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhai","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474818","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of saccade types and directions on eye pointing tasks","volume-title":"The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref66","first-page":"499","article-title":"An evaluation of eye-foot input for target acquisitions","volume-title":"Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref67","first-page":"779","article-title":"Evaluating eye tracking with ISO 9241 - part 9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Intelligent Multimodal Interaction Environments","author":"Zhang","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357139","article-title":"Improving eye cursor\u2019s stability for eye pointing tasks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhang","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753645","article-title":"Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhang","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1145\/2029956.2029967","article-title":"Speed-accuracy trade-off in dwell-based eye pointing tasks at different cognitive levels","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Pervasive Eye Tracking & Mobile Eye-Based Interaction","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024072008414274700_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208737","article-title":"Extending Fitts' law to account for the effects of movement direction on 2D pointing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhang","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Interacting with Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/36\/4\/209\/58588622\/iwae004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/36\/4\/209\/58588622\/iwae004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T08:42:29Z","timestamp":1721464949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article\/36\/4\/209\/7614603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iwc\/iwae004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-5438","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-7951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}}}