{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:46:24Z","timestamp":1776692784921,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In human\u2013computer interaction, self-determination theory (SDT) is best known for its concepts of intrinsic motivation and need fulfillment. In the field of behavior change technologies (BCTs), the need for autonomy, i.e. to act according to one\u2019s own goals and values, has become increasingly important due to its strong positive impact on maintaining behavior change. Still, designers struggle with taking autonomy into account. We believe that organismic integration theory (OIT), an underutilized sub-theory of SDT, is a valuable addition as it allows for a process-oriented view on autonomy. OIT introduces different types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified and integrated) along a continuum of autonomy. It offers new ways to talk about people's experiences of using BCTs and calls for individualized design strategies. We propose a design approach based on OIT, which understands BCTs as active facilitators to progressively move people along the continuum from external to integrated motivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwae022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T08:55:19Z","timestamp":1715849719000},"page":"367-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Designing for Autonomy: A Process-Oriented Approach Based on Organismic Integration Theory"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gerstenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Design \/Experience & Interaction, University of Siegen , Kohlbettstr. 15, 57072 Siegen ,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Hassenzahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubiquitous Design \/Experience & Interaction, University of Siegen , Kohlbettstr. 15, 57072 Siegen ,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Laschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interaction Design for Sustainability and Transformation, University of Siegen , Kohlbettstr. 15, 57072 Siegen ,","place":["Germany"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref43","volume-title":"Adidas Running","author":"Adidas Runtastic","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1145\/2598510.2598598","article-title":"Reviewing reflection: on the use of reflection in interactive system design","author":"Baumer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS \u201814)"},{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174194","article-title":"The theory-practice gap as generative metaphor","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201818)"},{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445505","article-title":"The technology-mediated reflection model: barriers and assistance in data-driven reflection","volume":"1","author":"Bentvelzen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3555121","article-title":"Motivated to work or working to stay motivated: a diary and interview study on working from home","volume":"6","author":"Borghouts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173680","article-title":"Measuring the \u201cwhy\u201d of interaction: development and validation of the user motivation inventory (UMI)","author":"Br\u00fchlmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201818)"},{"key":"2026041320044693900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2513002.2513016","article-title":"Watch your steps: designing a semi-public display to promote physical activity","author":"Cercos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of The 9th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment Matters of Life and Death - 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