{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:27:09Z","timestamp":1773102429164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Presence, as a psychological state, is typically assessed using questionnaires. While many researchers in this field assume that these self-report instruments are standardized, the reliability of such questionnaires remains uncertain. This knowledge gap challenges the accuracy and validity of data derived from studies assessing presence. Ensuring reliable and precise data collection and reporting is essential for the credibility of findings in presence research, because inaccuracies may cause errors in conclusions, which affects theoretical understandings, methodological approaches and practical applications. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic analysis of 397 empirical quantitative studies on presence. We investigated the use of presence scales, including applications, modifications, a variety of measures and reporting practices. We found that the majority of the presence studies modify questionnaires, do not re-validate them and improperly report their methods. Based on these findings, we propose solutions to enhance transparency and validation of the presence measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwae064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T23:28:06Z","timestamp":1734996486000},"page":"163-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Widespread yet Unreliable: A Systematic Analysis of the Use of Presence Questionnaires"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Kukshinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stratford School of Interaction Design and Business, University of Waterloo , 200 University Ave W, M5H 3C6, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stratford School of Interaction Design and Business, University of Waterloo , 200 University Ave W, M5H 3C6, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Kata","family":"Szita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications, Dublin City University , Collins Ave Ext, Whitehall, Dublin 9, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Kaushall","family":"Senthil Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stratford School of Interaction Design and Business, University of Waterloo , 200 University Ave W, M5H 3C6, Ontario, Canada"}]},{"given":"Lennart E","family":"Nacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stratford School of Interaction Design and Business, University of Waterloo , 200 University Ave W, M5H 3C6, Ontario, Canada"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-019-0898-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality-based Communication for Construction Projects","volume":"23","author":"Abbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JITR.2019100101","article-title":"MixAR: A Multi-Tracking Mixed Reality System to Visualize Virtual Ancient Buildings Aligned Upon Ruins","volume":"12","author":"Ad\u00e3o","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Res."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3474660","article-title":"Transparency in Measurement Reporting: A Systematic Literature Review of CHI PLAY","volume":"5","author":"Aeschbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2022.2040170","article-title":"Using Virtual Reality to Improve the Quality of Life of Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments and their Family Members who Live at a Distance","volume":"38","author":"Afifi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12456","DOI":"10.2196\/12456","article-title":"A Virtual Reality Food Court to Study Meal Choices in Youth: Design and Assessment of Usability","volume":"3","author":"Allman-Farinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3434176","article-title":"School\u2019s Back: Scaffolding Reminiscence in Social Virtual Reality with Older Adults","volume":"4","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91581-4_21","article-title":"Virtually Empathetic?: Examining the Effects of Virtual Reality Storytelling on Empathy","volume":"10909","author":"Bang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virtual, Augmented And Mixed Reality: Interaction, Navigation, Visualization, Embodiment, And Simulation"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.35199\/ICDC.2020.36","article-title":"EMPATHY AND IDEA GENERATION: EXPLORING THE DESIGN OF A VIRTUAL REALITY CONTROLLER FOR REHABILITATION PURPOSES","author":"Barhoush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The Sixth International Conference On Design Creativity (ICDC 2020)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348020944436","article-title":"An Emotional Roller Coaster: Electrophysiological Evidence of Emotional Engagement during a Roller-Coaster Ride with Virtual Reality Add-On","volume":"46","author":"Bastiaansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761270","article-title":"Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria","volume":"12","author":"Biocca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.09.004","article-title":"Deep learning for emotion driven user experiences","volume":"152","author":"Bisogni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/VR51125.2022.00092","article-title":"Kicking in Virtual Reality: The Influence of Foot Visibility on the Shooting Experience and Accuracy","author":"Bonfert","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 IEEE Conference On Virtual Reality And 3D User Interfaces (VR)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945791","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.945791","article-title":"Seeing the faces is so important\u2014Experiences from online team meetings on commercial virtual reality platforms","volume":"3","author":"Bonfert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.17.4.376","article-title":"Anxiety Increases the Feeling of Presence in Virtual Reality","volume":"17","author":"Bouchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106723","article-title":"Biased by being there: The persuasive impact of spatial presence on cognitive processing","volume":"119","author":"Breves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Human Behav."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0823","article-title":"Virtual Reality as a Pain Distraction Modality for Experimentally Induced Pain in a Chronic Pain Population: An Exploratory Study","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631186","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.631186\/full","article-title":"Contemplating or Acting? Which Immersive Modes Should Be Favored in Virtual Reality During Physiotherapy for Breast Cancer Rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"Buche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/GEM.2018.8516546","article-title":"Physical Literacy Promotion in Older Adults Using Active Video Gaming: A Sense of Presence and Attitudes Towards Exercise","author":"Campelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference (GEM)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual reality for education and workforce training","author":"Carruth","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 15th International Conference On Emerging ELearning Technologies And Applications (ICETA)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.16.6.623","article-title":"Causal Perception in Virtual Reality and its Implications for Presence Factors","volume":"16","author":"Cavazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.02.011","article-title":"An investigation of the efficacy of collaborative virtual reality systems for moderated remote usability testing","volume":"65","author":"Chalil Madathil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigating the Correlation Between Presence and Reaction Time in Mixed Reality","author":"Chandio","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2016.1243478","article-title":"The Perceptual Quality of the Oculus Rift for Immersive Virtual Reality","volume":"34","author":"Chessa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02529\/full","article-title":"A Virtual Versus an Augmented Reality Cooking Task Based-Tools: A Behavioral and Physiological Study on the Assessment of Executive Functions","volume":"10","author":"Chicchi Giglioli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32270-4_10","article-title":"Feeling Ghost Food as Real One: Psychometric Assessment of Presence Engagement Exposing to Food in Augmented Reality","volume":"604","author":"Chicchi Giglioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pervas. Comput. Paradigms Mental Health"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233628","article-title":"Nature versus art as elicitors of the sublime: A virtual reality study","volume":"16","author":"Chirico","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02351\/full","article-title":"Designing Awe in Virtual Reality: An Experimental Study","volume":"8","author":"Chirico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1145\/3297280.3297346","article-title":"Effects of virtual-avatar motion-synchrony levels on full-body interaction","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 34th ACM\/SIGAPP Symposium On Applied Computing"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11613","DOI":"10.3390\/app112411613","article-title":"Immersive Virtual Reality Experience of Historical Events Using Haptics and Locomotion Simulation","volume":"11","author":"Chrysanthakopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000626","article-title":"Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref31","article-title":"Motivation in Situated Immersive Games for Irish Language Learning, a DBR Approach","volume":"96","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"ECGBL 2020 14th European Conference On Game-Based Learning"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmac027","article-title":"Capturing social presence: concept explication through an empirical analysis of social presence measures","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820986816","article-title":"Effects of immersive storytelling on affective, cognitive, and associative empathy: The mediating role of presence","volume":"24","author":"Cummings","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00647-1","article-title":"The effects of touchless interaction on usability and sense of presence in a virtual environment","volume":"26","author":"De Paolis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00409-6","article-title":"The impact of the input interface in a virtual environment: the Vive controller and the Myo armband","volume":"24","author":"De Paolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.03.007","article-title":"Efficacy of virtual reality in pedestrian safety research","volume":"65","author":"Deb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3182a0a078","article-title":"Feasibility of Virtual Reality Augmented Cycling for Health Promotion of People Poststroke","volume":"37","author":"Deutsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref38","first-page":"25","article-title":"Assumptions of Subjective Measures of Unconscious Mental States: Higher Order Thoughts and Bias","volume":"11","author":"Dienes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105857","article-title":"Enhanced exposure therapy for combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Difede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2015.7131742","article-title":"Methods to reduce cybersickness and enhance presence for in-place navigation techniques","author":"Dorado","year":"2015","journal-title":"2015 IEEE Symposium On 3D User Interfaces (3DUI)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/VECIMS.2009.5068922","article-title":"Camera control based on rigid body dynamics for virtual environments","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"2009 IEEE International Conference On Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces And Measurements Systems"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060414000055","article-title":"The influence of immersion and presence in early stage engineering designing and building","volume":"28","author":"Faas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref43","first-page":"8","article-title":"Viewpoint Snapping to Reduce Cybersickness in Virtual Reality","author":"Farmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of Graphics Interface 2018"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80100-y","article-title":"The effect of water immersion on vection in virtual reality","volume":"11","author":"Fauville","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1921368","article-title":"Presence: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Felton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2004.01.003","article-title":"Scale modification: alternative approaches and their consequences","volume":"80","author":"Finn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.4.294","article-title":"Experiences, Physical Behaviors: The Effect of Presence on Imitation of an Eating Avatar","volume":"18","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566691","article-title":"Using Behavioral Realism to Estimate Presence: A Study of the Utility of Postural Responses to Motion Stimuli","volume":"9","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566017","article-title":"Effects of Sensory Information and Prior Experience on Direct Subjective Ratings of Presence","volume":"8","author":"Freeman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.17.3.293","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variations in Presence: Qualitative Analysis of Interviews from an Experiment on Breaks in Presence","volume":"17","author":"Garau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW55335.2022.00248","article-title":"Bringing Real Body as Self-Avatar into Mixed Reality: A Gamified Volcano Experience","author":"Gonzalez-Morin","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 IEEE Conference On Virtual Reality And 3D User Interfaces Abstracts And Workshops (VRW)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-9-30","article-title":"Assessment of the emotional responses produced by exposure to real food, virtual food and photographs of food in patients affected by eating disorders","volume":"9","author":"Gorini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3385956.3422105","article-title":"Inconsistencies of Presence Questionnaires in Virtual Reality","author":"Graf","year":"2020","journal-title":"26th ACM Symposium On Virtual Reality Software And Technology"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00349","article-title":"Questionnaire Measures and Physiological Correlates of Presence: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Grassini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol.."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-42","article-title":"Learning real-life cognitive abilities in a novel 360-virtual reality supermarket: a neuropsychological study of healthy participants and patients with epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Grewe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabilitat."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-140255","article-title":"An approach to develop intelligent learning environments by means of immersive virtual worlds","volume":"6","author":"Griol","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382916","article-title":"PneumoVolley: Pressure-based Haptic Feedback on the Head through Pneumatic Actuation","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Extended Abstracts Of The 2020 CHI Conference On Human Factors In Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Affects of Perceived-Actions within Virtual Environments on User Behavior on the Outside","author":"Hameed","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 Twelfth International Conference On Quality Of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444821993121","article-title":"Virtual reality perspective-taking at scale: Effect of avatar representation, choice, and head movement on prosocial behaviors","volume":"23","author":"Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2020.100352","article-title":"Evaluating the user experience of omnidirectional VR walking simulators","volume":"34","author":"Hooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entertain. Comput."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1145\/3282894.3282898","article-title":"VRHapticDrones: Providing Haptics in Virtual Reality through Quadcopters","author":"Hoppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 17th International Conference On Mobile And Ubiquitous Multimedia"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343621","article-title":"Effects of Stereoscopic Presentation, Image Motion, and Screen Size on Subjective and Objective Corroborative Measures of Presence","volume":"10","author":"IJsselsteijn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446130","article-title":"Rapid, Continuous Movement Between Nodes as an Accessible Virtual Reality Locomotion Technique","author":"Jacob, Habgood","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE Conference On Virtual Reality And 3D User Interfaces (VR)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-11149-8","article-title":"Understanding consumer behavior in the multimedia context: incorporating gamification in VR-enhanced web system for tourism e-commerce","volume":"80","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6785-4_8","article-title":"The Interaction Between Individuals\u2019 Immersive Tendencies and the Sensation of Presence in a Virtual Environment","author":"Johns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virtual Environments 2000"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00110209","article-title":"Validated questionnaires should not be modified","volume":"34","author":"Juniper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1145\/2993369.2993398","article-title":"Noise-cancelling, steps and soundscapes: the effect of auditory stimulation on presence in virtual realities while walking","author":"Kern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 22nd ACM Conference On Virtual Reality Software And Technology"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797801","article-title":"Spatial Presence in Real and Remote Immersive Environments","author":"Khenak","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 IEEE Conference On Virtual Reality And 3D User Interfaces (VR)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2008.0003","article-title":"Anxiety Provocation and Measurement Using Virtual Reality in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24507\/icicelb.11.02.159","article-title":"Using a VR Training-Evaluation Tool to Evaluate a VR-Simulation Assembly Process","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICIC International"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00659-x","article-title":"Using virtual environments to facilitate refugee integration in third countries","volume":"27","author":"Kirya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.003","article-title":"Cortical correlate of spatial presence in 2D and 3D interactive virtual reality: An EEG study","volume":"83","author":"Kober","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09623-8","article-title":"Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement","volume":"34","author":"Kreijns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10714421.2024.2366684","article-title":"Presence, (re)focused and explicated","author":"Kukshinov","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Communication Review"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10190-3_8","article-title":"Ways to Measure Spatial Presence: Review and Future Directions","author":"Laarni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immersed In Media: Telepresence Theory, Measurement & Technology"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3562939.3565658","article-title":"Can Haptic Feedback on One Virtual Object Increase the Presence of Another Virtual Object","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 28th ACM Symposium On Virtual Reality Software And Technology"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.41","article-title":"The Effects of Visual Realism on Search Tasks in Mixed Reality Simulation","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343612","article-title":"A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory","volume":"10","author":"Lessiter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00340\/107509\/Presence-and-Communication-in-Hybrid-Virtual-and","article-title":"Presence and Communication in Hybrid Virtual and Augmented Reality Environments","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4150","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3106478","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of Personalized Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Surgery Simulation System","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10190-3","volume-title":"Immersed in media: Telepresence theory, measurement & technology","author":"Lombard","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24453-5","article-title":"Presence and User Experience in a Virtual Environment under the Influence of Ethanol: An Explorative Study","volume":"8","author":"Lorenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8798144","article-title":"Early Virtual Reality User Experience and Usability Assessment of a Surgical Shape Memory Alloy Aspiration\/Irrigation Instrument","author":"Lorenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 IEEE Conference On Virtual Reality And 3D User Interfaces (VR)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000062","article-title":"Immersed in violence: Presence mediates the effect of 3D violent video gameplay on angry feelings","volume":"5","author":"Lull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Pop. Media Cult."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7090373","article-title":"Sino-InSpace: A Digital Simulation Platform for Virtual Space Environments","volume":"7","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186034","article-title":"Web-Based VR Experiments Powered by the Crowd","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 2018 World Wide Web Conference On World Wide Web - WWW \u201918"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229788","article-title":"Ready student one: Exploring the predictors of student learning in virtual reality","volume":"15","author":"Madden","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3169\/mta.10.216","article-title":"[Paper] Image Sonification System Based on Auditory Icons and Stereophonic Presentation Considering Image Scenes and Human Action","volume":"10","author":"Mashiba","year":"2022","journal-title":"ITE Trans. Media Technol. Appl."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref88","first-page":"45","article-title":"Telepresence","volume":"2","author":"Minsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"OMNI Mag."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8249","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218249","article-title":"User Experience during an Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Task: A Comparison between Estonian and Italian Older Adults with MCI","volume":"22","author":"Mondellini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15546-8_24","article-title":"Do Presence Questionnaires Actually Measure Presence? A Content Analysis of Presence Measurement Scales","volume":"13445","author":"Nannipieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extend. Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2501\/S0265048710201361","article-title":"The effect of involvement on ad judgement in a computermediated environment: The mediating role of presence","volume":"29","author":"Nicovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Advert."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.4.250","article-title":"The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments","volume":"35","author":"Nisbett","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761289","article-title":"The Effect of the Agency and Anthropomorphism on Users\u2019 Sense of Telepresence, Copresence, and Social Presence in Virtual Environments","volume":"12","author":"Nowak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/602330.602340","article-title":"A direct comparison of presence levels in text-based and graphics-based virtual environments","author":"Nunez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 2nd International Conference On Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation And Interaction In Africa"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519699","article-title":"Remote Communication via Huggable Interfaces - Behavior Synchronization and Social Presence","author":"Nunez","year":"2022","journal-title":"CHI Conference On Human Factors In Computing Systems Extended Abstracts"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.13052\/jwe1540-9589.21310","article-title":"Effectiveness of the VR Cognitive Training for Symptom Relief in Patients with ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Web Eng."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.01.011","article-title":"Page flipping vs. clicking: The impact of naturally mapped interaction technique on user learning and attitudes","volume":"29","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00192","article-title":"Evaluating the Influence of the HMD, Usability, and Fatigue in 360VR Video Quality Assessments","author":"Orduna","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 IEEE Conference On Virtual Reality And 3D User Interfaces Abstracts And Workshops (VRW)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1145\/3152832.3152864","article-title":"Armswing: using arm swings for accessible and immersive navigation in AR\/VR spaces","author":"Pai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 16th International Conference On Mobile And Ubiquitous Multimedia"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93399-3_32","article-title":"LiquidReality: Wetness Sensations on the Face for Virtual Reality","volume":"10894","author":"Peiris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haptics Sci. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.01.007","article-title":"Clinical validation of a virtual environment for normalizing eating patterns in eating disorders","volume":"54","author":"Perpi\u00f1\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585808","article-title":"Trust Issues with Trust Scales: Examining the Psychometric Quality of Trust Measures in the Context of AI","author":"Perrig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extended Abstracts Of The 2023 CHI Conference On Human Factors In Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02583","article-title":"Virtual skills training: the role of presence and agency","volume":"5","author":"Piccione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2012.0008","article-title":"Reducing Anxiety Using Self-Help Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavioral Therapy","volume":"1","author":"Piercey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM46123.2019.00023","article-title":"Interactive Remote Museum Visits for Older Adults: An Evaluation of Feelings of Presence, Social Closeness, Engagement, and Enjoyment in an Social Visit","author":"Pisoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 IEEE International Symposium On Multimedia (ISM)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3190834.3190845","article-title":"Mutual collision avoidance during walking in real and collaborative virtual environments","author":"Podkosova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium On Interactive 3D Graphics And Games"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.252","article-title":"Assessing the Ability of a VR-Based Assembly Task Simulation to Evaluate PhysicalRisk Factors","volume":"20","author":"Pontonnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.11.002","article-title":"The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy","volume":"21","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025723","article-title":"Ambiotherm: Enhancing Sense of Presence in Virtual Reality by Simulating Real-World Environmental Conditions","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 2017 CHI Conference On Human Factors In Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173702","article-title":"Breaking the Tracking: Enabling Weight Perception using Perceivable Tracking Offsets","author":"Rietzler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 2018 CHI Conference On Human Factors In Computing Systems"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00502-9","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeled environments versus 360 degree panoramas for mobile virtual reality training","volume":"26","author":"Ritter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9993","article-title":"Affective Interactions Using Virtual Reality: The Link between Presence and Emotions","volume":"10","author":"Riva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/9783110409697\/html","article-title":"Interacting with Presence: HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-mediated Environments","author":"Riva","year":"2014","journal-title":"DE GRUYTER OPEN"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref115","article-title":"Validation canadienne-fran\u00e7aise de deux mesures importantes en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 virtuelle: l\u2019Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire et le Presence Questionnaire. Communication par affiche pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e au 25e congr\u00e8s de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise pour la Recherche en Psychologie (SQRP), Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, 1-3 novembre","author":"Robillard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Communication Par Affiche Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1145\/3210825.3213556","article-title":"Dynamic Subtitles in Cinematic Virtual Reality","author":"Rothe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 2018 ACM International Conference On Interactive Experiences For TV And Online Video"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.11.011","article-title":"The influence of virtual presence: Effects on experienced cognitive load and learning outcomes in educational computer games","volume":"28","author":"Schrader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Human Behav."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","article-title":"The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights","volume":"10","author":"Schubert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2017.0190","article-title":"Factors Affecting Enjoyment of Virtual Reality Games: A Comparison Involving Consumer-Grade Virtual Reality Technology","volume":"8","author":"Shafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06015-1_8","article-title":"Multi-agent Crowd Simulation in an Active Shooter Environment","volume":"13318","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virt. Augment. Mix. Real. Appl. Educ. Aviat. Ind."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195677","article-title":"Development of an effective virtual environment in eliciting craving in adolescents and young adults with internet gaming disorder","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.2983701","article-title":"Immersion and Coherence: Research Agenda and Early Results","volume":"27","author":"Skarbez","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3134301","article-title":"A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts","volume":"50","author":"Skarbez","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.5.553","article-title":"Analysis of Physiological Responses to a Social Situation in an Immersive Virtual Environment","volume":"15","author":"Slater","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746041944849","article-title":"How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments","volume":"13","author":"Slater","year":"2004","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-017-0305-4","article-title":"Using a preamble to increase presence in digital virtual environments","volume":"21","author":"Smolentsev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.11.002","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between presence and enjoyment in a virtual museum","volume":"68","author":"Sylaiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7827286","article-title":"Towards a Model of User Experience in Immersive Virtual Environments","volume":"2018","author":"Tcha-Tokey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref129","first-page":"205","article-title":"Usability of an embodied CAVE system for spatial navigation rehabilitation in mild cognitive impairment","author":"Tuena","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 IEEE International Conference On Metrology For Extended Reality, Artificial Intelligence And Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE)"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.2006.15.2.204","article-title":"Sense of Place, and Presence","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566989","article-title":"Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality","volume":"9","author":"Usoh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/TCIAIG.2013.2253778","article-title":"Experiencing BCI Control in a Popular Computer Game","volume":"5","author":"Van De Laar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Intell. AI Games"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/523250","article-title":"Effects of Exercise in Immersive Virtual Environments on Cortical Neural Oscillations and Mental State","volume":"2015","author":"Vogt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196780","article-title":"Assessment of Perceptual-Cognitive Abilities among Athletes in Virtual Environments: Exploring Interaction Concepts for Soccer Players","author":"Wirth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref135","first-page":"238","article-title":"When and how to assess subjective overall judgments of presence?. Wissmath, Bartholom\u00e4us; Weibel, David; Stricker, D. (2008). When And How To Assess Subjective Overall Judgments Of Presence?","volume-title":"Proceedings Of The 11th Annual International Workshop On Presence, Padova, 16-18 October 2008","author":"Wissmath","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","article-title":"The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire","volume":"14","author":"Witmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/105474602317343622","article-title":"VE-Based Training Strategies for Acquiring Survey Knowledge","volume":"11","author":"Witmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105565","article-title":"Risks to pedestrians in traffic systems with unfamiliar driving rules: a virtual reality approach","volume":"142","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2019.100308","article-title":"Impact of different immersive techniques on the perceived sense of presence measured via subjective scales","volume":"31","author":"Yildirim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entertain. Comput."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10461","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110461","article-title":"Quantifying Auditory Presence Using Electroencephalography","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci.."},{"key":"2026030400300582300_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3385959.3418459","article-title":"Automatic Generation of Spatial Tactile Effects by Analyzing Cross-modality Features of a Video","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Symposium On Spatial User Interaction"}],"container-title":["Interacting with Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/38\/2\/163\/61723270\/iwae064.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article-pdf\/38\/2\/163\/61723270\/iwae064.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:30:21Z","timestamp":1772602221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iwc\/article\/38\/2\/163\/7994523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iwc\/iwae064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-5438","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-7951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}